Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku modoka zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi

Inkuru igezweho muri iki gihe ijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije ni iy’icyemezo cy’ Umujyi wa Kigali cyo kuvugurura uburyo bwo gutwara abagenzi, aho ubuyobozi bw’uyu mujyi bwashyize imbere ikoreshwa rya bisi zikoresha amashanyarazi mu rwego rwo kugabanya ihumana ry’ikirere no kunoza serivisi zitangwa mu ngendo rusange.Iyi akaba ari intambwe ikomeye mu rugendo rwo kugira Kigali umujyi w’icyatsi kandi utekanye ku buzima bw’abawutuye.

Uretse umujyi wa Kigali kandi, izi modoka zimaze kugezwa no mu ntara, aho amasosiyete atwara abagenzi hirya no hino mu gihugu yatangiye gukora ubu bwikorezi yifashishije izi modoka, haba mu mihanda ya Kigali-Muhanga-Rusizi ndetse no mu muhanda Kigali-Musanze-Rubavu.

Virunga Today yahisemo kugeza ku basomyi bayo, iby’ingenzi biranga imodoka zikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, ibyiza byazo ndetse n’ingorane ziba zitezwe mu ikoreshwa ryazo.

Imdoka y’amashanyarazi, moteri y’amashanyarazi

Bavuga ko imodoka ikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi cyangwa se ko ari iy’amashanyarazi igihe mu itwarwa ryayo hifashishwa nibura moteri y’amashanyarazi, ni ukuvuga ko hashobora gukoreshwa iyi moteri gusa ( 100%) cyangwa ikaba yakunganirwa na moteri ikoresha ibikomoka kuri petrole.

Izi modoka kandi zirangwa no kuzigama uyu muriro w’amashanyarazi ku ntera nini n’igabanuka rinini ry’imyuka ya CO2 yoherezwa mu kirere.

Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (Electric Vehicles cyangwa EVs) zigabanyijemo amoko atandukanye bitewe n’uburyo zikoresha amashanyarazi n’ubushobozi bwazo. Dore amoko nyamukuru:

1. Imodoka z’amashanyarazi gusa (Battery Electric Vehicles – BEVs)
– Zikoresha amashanyarazi 100%, nta lisansi cyangwa mazutu.
– Zifite bateri nini ishobora gusharizwa ku mashanyarazi.
– Nta rusaku kuri moteri zazo nta n’imyuka zisohora.
– Urugero: Tesla Model 3, Nissan Leaf, Hyundai Kona EV.

2. Imodoka zivanze (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles – PHEVs)
– Zifite moteri ebyiri: imwe y’amashanyarazi n’indi ya lisansi.
– Zishobora kugenda intera runaka zikoresheje amashanyarazi gusa, hanyuma zikajya kuri lisansi iyo bateri irangiye.
– Zisharizwa ku mashanyarazi nka BEVs.
– Urugero: Toyota Prius Plug-in, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV.

3. Imodoka zivanze zisanzwe (Hybrid Electric Vehicles – HEVs)
– Zikoresha moteri ya lisansi ifatanya n’iya mashanyarazi, ariko ntizisharizwa n’amashanyarazi.
– Bateri yazo isharizwa n’imbaraga ziva mu gutwara no guhagarara.
– Urugero: Toyota Corolla Hybrid, Honda Insight.

4. Imodoka zikoresha Hydrogen (Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles – FCEVs)
– Zikoresha hydrogen kugira ngo zikore amashanyarazi imbere muri moteri.
– Zohereza umwuka wa H₂O gusa (nta myuka ihumanya).

Uko imodoka z’amashanyarazi zikora

Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi (Electric Vehicles – EVs) zikora ku buryo zitanga imbaraga zo kugenda hifashishijwe amashanyarazi abitswe muri bateri, aho gukoresha lisansi cyangwa mazutu. Dore uko zikora mu buryo burambuye:

1. Bateri (Battery)
-Izi batiri kenshi ni iza lithium-ion zikaba umutima w’imodoka y’amashanyarazi.
– Ibitanga amashanyarazi byose biva muri iyi bateri, iba yarasharijwe mbere.
– Iyi bateri ni nini kandi ifite ubushobozi buhagije ku buryo imodoka ishobora kugenda intera ndende umuriro utarashyiramo.

2. Moteri y’amashanyarazi (Electric Motor)
– Ifata amashanyarazi atangwa na bateri ( energie electrique) igahinduramo imbaraga zo kugenda ( energie mecanique).
– Irangwa no gutanga imbaraga zihuse kandi mu buryo butuje (nta rusaku).

3. Inverter ( ondulaire)
– Ihindura amashanyarazi ava muri bateri (DC – Direct Current) akajya mu moteri mu buryo moteri ishobora kuyakoresha (AC – Alternating Current).
– Igenzura uko moteri ikora ikagena ingano y’ingufu zikoreshwa mu gihe hongerwa umuvuduko cyangwa ugabanywa

4.Regenerative Braking (Gusubiza amashanyarazi muri bateri).
– Iyo imodoka ihagarara, igabanya cyangwa yongera umuvuduko, moteri isubiza igice cy’amashanyarazi muri bateri ( energie cinetique ihindurwamo energie electrique), Ibi bifasha kongera igihe umuriro wa batiri umara ( autonomie) no kugabanya gukoreshwa kw’amashanyarazi.

5.Charger (Icyuma gishariza).
– Iyo bateri irangiye, imodoka ishyirwa ku mashanyarazi (charging station) kugira ngo yongere ibike umuriro.
– Hari chargers yihuta (fast chargers) ishobora kuzuza bateri mu gihe gito cyane.

Muri make byose bikorwa muri ubu buryo:
1. Ukoresha ashyira imodoka ku mashanyarazi akayishariza.
2. Bateri ibika amashanyarazi.
3. Iyo utangiye gutwara, inverter itanga amashanyarazi kuri moteri.
4. Moteri itanga imbaraga zo kugenda.
5. Iyo uhagaritse imodoka, moteri isubiza amashanyarazi muri bateri.

Ibyiza by’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi

Ibyiza by’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ni byinshi kuko zigirauruhare runini mu kurengera ibidukikije no guteza imbere ubukungu burambye. Dore bimwe mu by’ingenzi:

Kurengera ibidukikije

1. Nta myuka zisohora: Nta myuka yanduza ikirere zisohora igituma habaho ubwiza bw’umwuka uhumekwa cyane cyane mu mijyi.
2.Igabanuka ry’imyuka itera ihindagurika ry’ibihe ( gaz a effet de serre) yoherezwa mu kirere: Isimbuzwa rya moteri zikoresha itwika ry’ibikomoka kuri petrole bituma habaho igabanuka ry’imyuka yiganjemo CO2 izwi mu kugira uruhare mu mihindagurikire y’ibihe, ubushyuhe bukiyongera ku Isi.
3. Ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zisubira: Izi modoka zikoresha ingufu z’amashanyarazi, ingufu zisubira ( energie renouvelable) zizwi mu kugira uruhare runini muibungabungary’ibidukikije.

Ibyiza mu rwegorw’ubukungu

1. Igabanuka ry’amafranga akoreshwa n’abatunze imodoka, kubera ko amashanyarazi ahendutse kurusha ibikomoka kuri petrole, ndetse n’igihugu kigashobora kuzigama amadovize yakoreshwaga hatumizwa essence na mazout hanze.

2.Ibikoresho byazo biraramba: Moteri z’amashanyarazi zifite ibice bike kandi nabyo bidakunze kwangirika, bityo igiciro cyo kuzisana kiba gito.

3. Umutuzo n’umutekano.
Zikora mu mutuzo: Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi ntizigira urusaku rwinshi, bigatuma ingendo ziba zituje.

5. Zifite ikoranabuhanga rigezweho: Akenshi ziba zifite uburyo bugezweho bwo kugenzura umutekano n’imikorere kandi biroroha kuzitwara ( zigira couplage imediat, ituma imodoka ifata umuvuduko vuba bikoroha kuyihagurutsa).

Inzitizi mu ikoreshwa ry’imodoka z’amashanyarazi.

Hari inziti mu ikoreshwa ry’imodoka z’amashanyarazi buri wese yakagombye kumenya mbere yo kuzigura.

1.Bisaba gushyiramo umuriro kenshi igihe ukora urugendo rurerure (Autonomie limitée). Bene izi modoka, bitandukanye n’izikoresha moteri zisanzwe za mazout na essence, bisaba kozongeramo umuriro kenshi, bigatera ikibazo igihe zikora urugendo rurerure kandi ntahagenewe gushyiramo umuriro hahagije mu turere tuba dukorerwamo ingendo.

2. Umwanya batiri ifata ngo yuzure umuriro (Temps de recharge): Kuzuza batiri bishobora gufata amasaha menshi kabone niyo ahongererwamo batiri haba hafite ubushobozi bwo kongera muri batiri umuriro vuba na vuba, ibi bikaba bisaba igihe kinini cyo gutegereza no gukora ingendo nyinshi zo kujya gusharija.

3. Ikiguzi cyazo kiri hejuru: Iki giciro kiracyari hejuru ugereranije n’icy’imodoka zisanzwe zikoresha mazout na essence. Nubwo amashanyarazi ahendutse kandi n’ikiguzi cyo kwita kuri izi modoka kikaba kiri hasi, ikiguzi kiri hejuru cy’izi modoka gishobora kuba intandaro yo kututabira ikoreshwa ryazo.

4. Ingaruka zitari nziza ku bidukikije: Inganda zikora batiri zikireshwa muri izi modoka, zifashisha ubutare burimo lithium na cobalt, icukurwa ryabwo rikaba ritera ibibazo mu rwego rw’ibidukikije ndetse no mu mibereho myiza by’abaturage.

5. Ikibazo cy’ibikorwa remezo nkenerwa hongerwa umuriro muri za batiri.
Kuri ubu aho basharija batiri ntiharaba henshi kandi ntihaboneka hose muri ibi bice ku buryo buringaniye, ibi bikagabanya ikoreshwa ry’izi modoka ki buryo buhoraho.

6. Ikibazo cy’ingufu zitisubira( Dépendance aux energies non renovelables).
Niba amashanyarazi akoreshwa muri moteri y’izi modoka ari aturuka ku bikomoka kuri petrole, ibyiza byari byitezwe mu kubungabunga ibidukikije biragabanuka, icyakorea rero akaba ari guhitamo gukoresha ingufu zisubira ( energie renouvelable) ngo haboneke aya mashanyarazi.

7. Isoko ry’imodoka z’amashanyarazi: Iri soko ntiriraba rigari ngo habonekeho imodoka zihagije kandi z’ibwoko bwinshi, igituma abazifuza bose batabona izo bifuza.

Source: www.groupejmj.com

Umwanditsi: Musengimana Emmanuel