Ubutabera : Mediation na Plea bargaining, uburyo bwitezweho gukemura ikibazo cy’imanza nyinshi mu nkiko n’icy’ubucucike buri hejuru mu magororero yo mu Rwanda

 Mu Rwanda, hakomeje kuvugwa ikibazo gikomeye cy’ubwinshi bw’imanza z’abagana inkiko n’icy’ubucucike bukabije mu magororero ari hirya no hino mu gihugu.

Imibare iva mu nzego z’ubutabera igaragaza ko mu mwaka w’ubucamanza wa 2024–2025, inkiko zo mu Rwanda zakiriye imanza mbonezamubano zigera ku 25,905, ziyongereye ugereranyije n’umwaka wabanje aho zari 25,481.

Muri uwo mwaka kandi , izi inkiko zakiriye imanza nshinjabyaha 58,754 naho mu mwaka wakurikiyeho izi manza ziyongeraho gato zigera kuri 58 754.

Ku bijyanye n’ubucucike mu magororero yo mu Rwanda, mu mwaka wa  2023/2024, ubucucike bwari kuri 134.3%, bivuze ko amagororero yarimo abantu barenga 34% ku bushobozi bwayo , naho mu mwaka wa  2024/2025:, ubu bucucike bwaramanutse bugera kuri 110%, bigaragaza kugabanuka kwa 24.3%.

Ubwinshi bw’imanza zakirwa mu nkiko zo mu Rwanda hamwe n’ubucucike buri hejuru mu magororero bigaragaza ko urwego rw’ubutabera rufite ibibazo bikomeye mu mikorere, harimo gukererwa kw’iburanisha ry’imanza, gufunga abantu benshi cyane, no kudakoresha neza ubundi buryo bwo guhana butari ugufunga.

Ibi bibazo bikaba bishobora kugabanya icyizere cy’abaturage ku butabera, kuko bigaragara ko guca urubanza no gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo bikererwa Kandi bituma uburenganzira bwa muntu bujya mu kaga, cyane cyane ku bafungwa bataraburana cyangwa abafungirwa mu magororero arengeje ubushobozi bwayo.

Mu rwego rwo gushakira umuti iki kibazo, Leta y ‘U Rwanda, kuva hambere yatangije inzira z’ubutabera bwihuse n’izidakenera inkiko, ubwo buryo akaba aribwo tugiye kugarukaho muri iyi nkuru.

Mediation : Ubutabera budakenera inkiko (Alternative Dispute Resolution – ADR) mu bibazo mboneza mubano

Ubuatabera budakenera inkiko, mu mpine z’ururimi rw’icyongereza ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution – ADR), ni inzira zemewe n’amategeko zifasha abantu cyangwa ibigo gukemura amakimbirane batiriwe bajya mu rukiko. Intego yayo ni ugutanga ubutabera bwihuse, bworoheje, butagoye kandi butanga ubwiyunge hagati y’impande zifitanye ikibazo.

Mediation  ( urugero inteko z’abunzi) ni imwe muri izo nzira z’ubutabera budakenera inkiko, aho impande zombi zifitanye amakimbirane zihuzwa n’umuhuza wigenga kugira ngo bumvikane ku gisubizo cyumvikanyweho , bitabaye ngombwa ko bajya mu rukiko.

Mediation (ubuhuza) nk’uburyo bwemewe n’amategeko mu Rwanda bwatangajwe mu mabwiriza ya Perezida w’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yo ku wa 5 Ukuboza 2019, ubwo yemezaga ko mu manza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi hashobora gukorwa ubuhuza mbere y’urubanza. ariko nanone  ishingiro ryayo riri mu muco nyarwanda wo kunga no gukemura amakimbirane mu bwumvikane kuva kera na kare.

Ibiranga Mediation:

– Ni uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibigo, hifashishijwe umuhuza utabogama.

– Umuhuza ntafata icyemezo nk’umucamanza, ahubwo afasha impande zombi kuganira, kumvikana no kugera ku mwanzuro.

– Icyemezo cyafatwa muri mediation gishingira ku bwumvikane, si itegeko ry’urukiko.

 Ibyiza bya mediation

-Inzira y’ubwiyunge: Itegura umwuka wo kumvikana no gukomeza umubano hagati y’impande.

– Ibutabera bwihuse: Irinda gutinda kw’imanza mu nkiko.

– Igabanya ikiguzi: Ntisaba amafaranga menshi nk’imanza zisanzwe.

– Ibitangirwa mu ibanga: Ibiganiro n’amasezerano biguma hagati y’impande zombi.

Ni ryari hiyambazwa Mediation

– Amakimbirane y’amasambu

– Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi

– Ibibazo by’imiryango (nk’ugutandukana, kurera abana)

– Ibyerekeye umurimo (nk’amasezerano y’akazi)

Plea bargaining: Ubwumvikane hagati y ‘uregwa n’umushinjacyaha

Plea bargaining ni uburyo bw’ubutabera nshinjabyaha aho uregwa yemera icyaha kugira ngo ahabwe igihano gito cyangwa cyoroheje, cyangwa se hagabanywe ibirego aregwa. Ni inzira yo kugabanya imanza zinjira mu nkiko no kwihutisha ubutabera. Plea bargaining yashyizwe mu mategeko yo mu Rwanda mu mabwiriza y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga yo muri Nzeri 2025.

Ibiranga plea bargaining

– Icyo ari cyo: Ni amasezerano hagati y’uregwa n’ubushinjacyaha aho uregwa yemera icyaha, akemera kuburana mu buryo bwihuse, maze ubushinjacyaha bukemera kutamusabira igihano kinini cyangwa bukagabanya ibirego.

– Intego: Kugabanya imanza zinjira mu nkiko, kwihutisha ubutabera, no kugabanya ubucucike mu magororero.

– Aho ikoreshwa: Mu byaha byoroheje cyangwa bidakomeye cyane, aho uregwa ashobora guhabwa ibihano bidafungisha cyangwa ibihano byoroheje.

Uko ikorwa

1. Uregwa yemera icyaha mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.
2. Ubushinjacyaha n’uregwa bumvikana ku gihano gito cyangwa ku kugabanya ibirego.
3. Urukiko rureba ko amasezerano yubahirije amategeko kandi ko uregwa yemeye icyaha ku bushake bwe.
4. Urukiko rufata icyemezo gishingiye ku masezerano, rukagena igihano cyangwa indishyi ku mpande zombi.

 Ibyiza bya plea bargaining

–  Kwihutisha ubutabera: Irinda gutinda kw’imanza mu nkiko.

– Igabanya ikiguzi: Ntisaba amafaranga menshi nk’urubanza rusanzwe.

– Igabanya ubucucike muri gereza: Abantu benshi bahabwa ibihano bidafungisha.

–  Iha ijambo abahohotewe: Abahohotewe bemererwa gusaba indishyi mu masezerano.

 Itandukaniro na mediation

– Mediation: ikoreshwa mu manza mbonezamubano (amasambu, imiryango, amasezerano), igishingira ku bwumvikane bw’impande zombi, ntabwo urukiko rwivanga muri iki gikorwa;

– Plea bargaining: ikoreshwa mu manza nshinjabyaha, igishingira ku masezerano hagati y’uregwa n’ubushinjacyaha, igasuzumwa n’urukiko.

Ubundi bwoko bw’ubutabera budakenera inkiko

1. Arbitration (Ubucamanza bw’abahuza)

– Impande zombi zemeranya ko umuhuza afata icyemezo kibabera itegeko.

– Bukoreshwa cyane mu makimbirane y’ubucuruzi.

– Bitandukanye na mediation kuko icyemezo cy’umuhuza kirakurikizwa.

2. Negotiation (Kuganira)

– Impande zombi ziganira ku giti cyazo nta muntu ubahuza.

– Bukoreshwa mu makimbirane yoroheje cyangwa mu masezerano.

3. Conciliation (Kunga)

– Umuhuza atanga inama z’uko ikibazo cyakemurwa, ariko ntategeka.

– Iri hafi ya mediation, ariko umuhuza ashobora kugira uruhare mu gutanga  igisubizo.

Mu gihe igihugu cyacu gikomeje gushaka inzira zinoze zo gutanga ubutabera bwihuse kandi burambye, mediation n’plea bargaining bigaragara ko ari ibisubizo bifatika.

Koko rero Mediation ituma amakimbirane akemurwa mu mahoro, ikubaka ubwiyunge n’umubano mu baturage, naho plea bargaining igafasha mu manza nshinjabyaha, ikagabanya ubucucike muri gereza no kwihutisha ubutabera.

Izi gahunda zombi ni inzira z’ubutabera zoroheje, zitanga ibisubizo byihuse kandi zubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ni yo mpamvu abanyarwanda twese dukangurirwa  kuzumva no kuzitabira, kuko ari inzira zifasha igihugu cyacu kugera ku butabera bw’amahoro, bwihuse, kandi burambye.

Twifashishije : Alternative Dispute Resolution Policy ,Minijust, September 2022

Umwanditsi: Musengimana Emmanuel