Menya uburenganzira ibihugu bigira ku mazi magari ndetse n’imicungire yumvikanyweho y’aya mazi magari, iy’umugabane w’Antarctique n’iy’umutungo wo mu isanzure

Abantu benshi bibaza imicungire y’amazi magari, aboneka kuri iyi, dore ko amazi ubwayo agize 71% by’ubuso bwose bw’isi.

Ninde ufite uburenganzira ku mutungo utabarika uboneka muri aya mazi magari, amato atabarika ahora yogoga izi nyanja agengwa n’ayahe mategeko, uburenganzira bw’ibihugu bituriye inyanja biteye bute, imigabane nk’antarctique cyangwa aractique, kugeza ubu bigenzurwa na nde, haba hariho se amabwiriza areba imicungire y’indi mibumbe nk’ukwezi cyangwa Mars abatuye Isi bumvikanyeho.
Byose biri muri iyi nkuru.

 Amasezerano ya UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

Mu gihe isi ikomeza guhangana n’ibibazo by’imbibi z’ibihugu mu mazi magari, iby’umutungo kamere uboneka muri aya mazi ndetse n’ibibazo by’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, amasezerano ya UNCLOS ni imwe mu nkingi z’amategeko mpuzamahanga igenga imicungire y’inyanja n’uburenganzira bw’ibihugu. Yashyizweho mu 1982, agatangira gukurikizwa mu 1994, aya masezerano agena uko ibihugu bigomba kwitwara ku nyanja zibikikije, ku mutungo uri mu nyanja rwagati, no ku mibanire y’ibihugu bituranye.

Aya masezerano ni nk’itegeko nshinga ry’inyanja, kuko asobanura neza:
– Uburenganzira bw’ibihugu ku nyanja ziri hafi y’inkombe zabyo (Territorial Sea, EEZ).
– Imipaka y’ubusugire n’uburenganzira ku mutungo kamere (amafi, gaz, amabuye y’agaciro).
– Uko ibihugu bigomba kwitwara ku nyanja rusange (High Seas) no mu ndiba z’ nyanja (Deep Seabed).
– Uburyo bwo gukemura impaka hagati y’ibihugu bituranye.

Uburenganzira bw’ibihugu ku nyanja

Inyanja ni umutungo ukomeye w’isi, ariko kugira ngo ibihugu bitarwanira ubusugire ku nyanja ziri hirya no hino ku Isi, amasezerano ya UNCLOS yashyizeho imipaka igena uko buri gihugu gifite uburenganzira ku nyanja ibikikije.

– 1. Territorial Sea (Kugeza kuri  km 22):Ubusugire bwuzuye
– Uburenganzira: Igihugu gifite ubusugire bwuzuye nk’ubutaka ni ukuvuga ko iki gice gishyirwa no mu buso ( superficie) bwose bw’igihugu.
-Ibikorwa byemerewe:
Kugenzura no gushyiraho amategeko yose (umutekano, ubucuruzi, ibidukikije).
Gukoresha umutungo kamere uri muri icyo gice.
– Icyo ibindi bihugu byemerewe: Amato y’amahanga ashobora kuhanyura mu mahoro (“innocent passage”), ariko ntashobora gukora ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi cyangwa bya gisirikare.

2. Contiguous Zone ( kugeza kuri km 44):kugenzura umutekano n’amategeko.

– Uburenganzira: Igihugu gifite uburenganzira bwo kugenzura ibikorwa bigira ingaruka ku mutekano n’amategeko yacyo.
– Ibikorwa byemerewe:
– Kugenzura imisoro, ubucuruzi, no kurwanya ubujura cyangwa uburobyi bunyuranyije n’amategeko.
– Kugenzura ibijyanye n’ubuzima n’ibidukikije.
– Icyo ibindi bihugu bemerewe: Amato ashobora kuhanyura, ariko igihugu gishobora kubihagarika niba bikora ibikorwa binyuranyije n’amategeko.

3. Exclusive Economic Zone (kugeza kuri km 370: uburenganzira ku mutungo kamere.

– Uburenganzira: Igihugu gifite uburenganzira ku mutungo kamere wo mu mazi no munsi y’amazi.
– Ibikorwa byemerewe:
Uburobyi, gucukura gaz na peteroli, gukoresha ingufu z’amashanyarazi ava mu nyanja (nk’umuyaga cyangwa imirasire y’izuba).
Gushyiraho amategeko yo kurengera ibidukikije.
– Icyo ibindi bihugu byemerewe:
Amato ashobora kuhanyura mu mahoro.
Ubushakashatsi bw’amahanga bushobora gukorwa ariko bugomba kubisabira uburenganzira.

4. Continental Shelf (ishobora kurenga km 370): uburenganzira ku butaka bwo munsi y’inyanja.

– Uburenganzira: Igihugu gifite uburenganzira ku butaka bwo munsi y’inyanja (subsoil).
Ibikorwa byemerewe:
Gucukura amabuye y’agaciro, gaz, na peteroli.
Gukoresha umutungo uri mu butaka bwo munsi y’inyanja.
– Icyo ibindi bihugu bemerewe: Amato ashobora kunyura hejuru y’inyanja, ariko ntashobora gucukura cyangwa gukoresha umutungo wo munsi y’inyanja.

5. High Seas (inyanja rusange, inyuma ya 370 km): umutungo rusange w’isi, nta gihugu cyemerewe kuwigarurira.
– Uburenganzira: Nta gihugu gifite uburenganira ; ni umutungo rusange w’isi.
– Ibikorwa byemerewe:
Ubwisanzure bw’amato yo ku isi yose.
Uburobyi, ubushakashatsi, n’ubucuruzi mu nyungu rusange.
-Icyo bitari byemerewe:
Kwigarurira igice cy’inyanja.
Gukoresha ibikorwa bya gisirikare bigamije kwigarurira.

1 nm ( nautical mile= 1852 km)

 

Deep Seabed – “The Area”: Umutungo rusange ku batuye Isi

Deep Seabed ni ubutaka bwo munsi y’inyanja rusange, bukaba buri hanze ya Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) y’ibihugu, ni ukuvuga inyanya ziri kure ya kilometero 370 uvuye ku nkombe. Iki gice cyiswe “The Area” mu masezerano ya UNCLOS, kikaba umutungo rusange w’isi yose.

Umutungo uhaboneka ugizwe n’amabuye y’agaciro akomeye (cobalt, nickel, manganese, rare earths) ndetse na gaz na peteroli ziri mu butaka bwo munsi y’inyanja. Ariko, nta gihugu cyemerewe kwiyitirira igice cyayo cyangwa kugenzura umutungo waho ku giti cyacyo. Ibikorwa byose bigengwa na International Seabed Authority (ISA), ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gucunga no kugenzura imishinga y’ubucukuzi, kugabanya inyungu mu buryo buboneye, no kurengera ibidukikije byo mu mazi.

Mu magambo make, Deep Seabed ni umutungo rusange w’isi ugomba gucungwa mu nyungu z’abantu bose, aho ibihugu byose bifite uburenganzira bungana ariko bigomba gukorera mu mabwiriza ya ISA.

Imicungire y’ Antarctique

Antarctique ni umugabane uherereye ku majyepfo y’isi, ufite ubuso bungana na 14 million km², butwikiriwe n’urubura rugera kuri 98% by’ubutaka bwaho. Nta gihugu kiyitunze, ahubwo igaragaramo ibigo by’ubushakashatsi mpuzamahanga. Ibiharangwa byayo birimo umutungo kamere w’amazi y’ubutaka angana na 70% y’isi yose, ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja nk’ama krill n’amahumbu, ndetse n’amasega. Kugira ngo icungwe neza, yashyiriweho amasezerano mpuzamahanga arimo Antarctic Treaty yo mu 1961, Madrid Protocol yo mu 1991, na CCAMLR yo mu 1980, ategeka ko Antarctica igirwa ahantu h’amahoro, h’ubushakashatsi, hatabera ibikorwa bya gisirikare cyangwa ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, kandi ibidukikije bikarindwa mu buryo bwihariye.

Amasezerano ku micungire y’isanzure

Isanzure ni ahantu hari hejuru y’ikirere cy’isi, rigizwe n’inyenyeri, imibumbe, ukwezi, n’umwanya w’ubusa (vacuum) udafite umwuka. Ni akarere kadasanzwe katari mu maboko y’igihugu na kimwe, ahubwo kagengwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga. Outer Space Treaty yo mu 1967 yashyizeho ko inyenyeri n’ibindi bintu byo mu isanzure bidashobora kwiharirwa n’igihugu, ko nta ntwaro z’ubumara zishobora gushyirwa mu isanzure, kandi ko ibikorwa byose bigomba gukorerwa mu nyungu z’abantu bose ku isi. Moon Agreement yo mu 1979 nayo yemeza ko ukwezi n’ibindi bintu byo mu isanzure ari umutungo rusange w’abantu bose, bityo imikoreshereze yabyo igomba kugenzurwa n’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga. Ibi bituma outer space igirwa ahantu h’amahoro, h’ubushakashatsi, kandi h’ubufatanye bw’isi yose.

 

Amakimbirane mu nyanja

Amakimbirane yo mu nyanja akunda kuvuka hagati y’ibihugu bifite inkombe zegeranye cyangwa bifite inyungu mu mutungo kamere w’inyanja. Akenshi aba arebana n’imipaka y’inyanja, uburenganzira ku kuroba, ubucukuzi bw’amavuta n’amabuye y’agaciro, cyangwa inzira z’ubwikorezi. Ibi bituma ibihugu bishaka kwagura uburenganzira bwabyo ku nyanja, bikabyara kutumvikana. Urugero ni nk’amakimbirane hagati ya Kenya na Somaliya ku nyanja y’Abahinde, aho buri gihugu cyashakaga uburyo butandukanye bwo kugena imipaka.

Uburyo bwo gukemura amakimbirane y’imipaka mu nyanja

Amakimbirane yo mu nyanja akemurwa binyuze mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, cyane cyane Amasezerano y’Inyanja z’Isi (UNCLOS), ndetse n’inzego z’ubutabera mpuzamahanga nka International Court of Justice (ICJ) cyangwa International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). Mu kugena imipaka, hifashishwa uburyo bubiri: “par equidistance,” aho umurongo ugenwa hashingiwe ku intera ingana hagati y’inkombe z’ibihugu bibiri, bigatanga uburinganire mu burenganzira ku nyanja bujyanye n’uburebure bw’inkombe za buri gihugu; na “par parallelism,” aho umurongo ugenwa hashingiwe ku mirongo ihwanye n’inkombe, bigaha igihugu uburenganzira buhwanye n’inkombe yacyo. Izi methode zombi zigamije kugabanya amakimbirane no kugarura amahoro, ariko equidistance ikunze kwemezwa cyane kuko yubahiriza uburinganire hagati y’ibihugu.

Twifashishije: www.wikipedia.org na www.un.org/Depts/los

wanditsi : Musengimana Emmanuel