Byinshi wamenya ku bitwaro bya rutura bigezweho bikoreshwa mu ntambara za none

Hirya no hino ku Isi hakomeje kuvugwa intambara zibica bigacika, intambara zikoreshwamo ibitwaro bya rutura bijyanye n’ibihe turimo by’ikoranabuhanga.

Imwe mu nta mbara ikomeje kuvugwamo ikoreshwa bw’ibyo bitwaro ku kigero cyo hejuru, ni ihuza igihugu cy’Uburusiya na Ukraine, iyi ntambara ikaba imaze imyaka 3 n’igice irenga, Uburusiya bukaba bwaragabye ibitero simusiga ku gihugu cya Ukraine mu byo bwise ibikorwa bya gisirikare byihariye bigamije kurinda Uburusiya no gukemura ibibazo cy’umutekano mu karere.

Hagati aho iyi ntambara ikomeje gukireshwamo ibitwaro bya rutura, Uburusiya bukaba bwifashisha ibi bitwaro bisanzwe bikorerwa mu nganda zabwo igasenya ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu cya Ukraine ari nako ikomeza kwugarurira uduce twinshi tw’iki gihugu duherereye mu Burasirazuba.

Mu gushaka kwirwanaho, Ukraine yakomeje nayo gutabaza ibihugu by’incuti zabwo biherereye mu Burengerazuba bw’Isi aribyo Uburayi n’Amerika maze biyiha intwaro nazo zigezweho zo kwitabara ndetse no gusubiza Uburusiya irasa nayo muri iki gihugu.

Umunyamakuru wa Virunga Today usanzwe akurikiranira hafi iby’intambara zibera hirya no hino ku Isi, yahisemo kubagezaho ibirebana n’intwaro zigezweho zikomeje gukoreshwa muri izo ntambara ndetse n’izindi zibitse mu bubiko bw’ibihugu by’ibihangage zitegereje gukoreshwa igihe cyose byaba ngombwa,hatagamijwe kwamamaza ibi bikoresho bikomeje guhitana ibintu n’abantu batagira ingano, ahubwo ari ugushaka kugaragaza ingaruka zikomeye ibi bitwaro bikomeje kugira ku batuye iyi Isi habanje kwerekana ubukana bwabyo mu kurimbura no gusenya.

Bommbe, Missile, Drone n’Artillerie

1.Bombe

Bombe ni igisasu gitabwa cyangwa kimanurwa, kigaturika aho kigeze. Akenshi ntigenda yifashishije moteri, kandi ntigira ikoranabuhanga riyiyobora. Zikoreshwa cyane n’indege mu kurasa ahantu hanini.

Mu ntambara, bombe zikoreshwa mu guturitsa ahantu hihariye, kurwanya ingabo z’umwanzi, cyangwa guhungabanya ibikorwa remezo.

Amoko ya za bombe zikomeye zikoreshwa mu ntambara none

Amoko yayo atandukanye bitewe n’uburyo ikozemo, aho igomba kugera, n’ingaruka igamije gutera.

1). Bombe zisanzwe (Conventional Bombs)
– Zifite ibiturika bisanzwe.
– Zikoreshwa mu kurasa ku birindiro bya gisirikare, imodoka, n’amazu.

2). Bombe ziyoborwa (Guided Bombs)
– Zifite ikoranabuhanga rya GPS (Global Positioning System, uburyo bw’ikoranabuhanga bukoresha ibyogajuru , satellite, mu kumenya aho umuntu, imodoka, cyangwa ikindi kintu giherereye ku isi) cyangwa laser, zigera ku ntego neza.
– Zikoreshwa n’indege z’intambara.

4). Bombe chimique (Chemical Bombs)
– Zikoresha uburozi cyangwa imiti ihumanya, igatera indwara cyangwa urupfu.
– Ntizemerewe gukoreshwa n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga.

5). Bombe za thermobaric

Iyi bombe ikora mu buryo bwo gutwika umwuka uri hafi aho, bigatera ubushyuhe bwinshi n’umuvuduko w’umwuka uhanitse, bikica abantu bari hafi n’aho bihishe.
Zikoreshwa mu kurasa ahantu hafunganye (ubuvumo cyangwa inzu).

6). Bombe à fragmentation

Bombe ya fragmentation ni intwaro iturika igasandaza uduce tw’icyuma (shrapnel) mu mpande zose. Izi ntwaro zikoreshwa cyane mu ntambara mu kurwanya abantu bari mu nzu, mu bihome, cyangwa mu mirwano ya hafi.

Turiya duce tw’icyuma dushobora kwinjira mu mubiri, bikaba byatera urupfu cyangwa ubumuga bukomeye.

Ntizitandukanya abasivili n’abasirikare: Niyo mpamvu ikoreshwa ryazo rigenzurwa cyane mu mategeko mpuzamahanga y’intambara.

2.Missile

Missile ni igisasu kiraswa kikanyura mu kirere, gifite moteri n’ikoranabuhanga riyobora aho kigomba kugera. Missile Zishobora kurasa intera ndende, zigahindura icyerekezo, kandi zigakoresha GPS cyangwa radar. Zikoreshwa mu kurasa ku birindiro bya gisirikare, indege, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo.
Hari amoko menshi ya missile bitewe n’aho yoherezwa, uko igenda, n’icyo igamije.

1). Missile Balistique
– Imigendekere: Irasa igana hejuru mu kirere (trajectory ya parabole), ikagera ku ntego nyuma yo kumanuka.
– Intera: Ishobora kurasa ku ntera ndende cyane. Nk’izo bita ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missiles ) zishobora kurasa ku ntera ya kilometero 15 0u00, bityo ikaba ishobora kurasa ikintu kiri ku mugabane utandukanye n’aho yaturutse.

– Umuvuduko: Zishobora kugenda ku muvuduko wa hypersonique ni ukuvuga hejuru y’ibilometero 6 275 (Mach 5+) , ariko ntizihindura icyerekezo mu kirere.
– Ubwoko: Zishobora gutwara ibisasu bisanzwe cyangwa ibya nikleyeri.
– Ingero: Iskander-M ya Russia, Minuteman III ya Amerika.

2) Missile de Croisière (Cruise Missile)
– Imigendekere: Igenda hafi y’ubutaka ku butumburuke buke cyangwa hejuru y’inyanja, yirinda gutahurwa na radar.
– Intera: Irasa intera iri hagati,ni ukuvuga hagati ya 300 na 2 500 km ariko ishobora kugenda igihe kirekire.
– Umuvuduko: Akenshi ni subsonique, ni ukuvuga munsi ya 1 235 km (Mach <1), ariko hari n’izigenda hejuru y'uyu muvuduko. - Ubushobozi: Zihindura icyerekezo, zigendera ku GPS cyangwa sensor (Sensor ni igikoresho cy’ikoranabuhanga gishobora kumva, gupima, cyangwa kumenya impinduka mu bidukikije, hanyuma kikohereza ayo makuru mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga) - Ingero: Kalibr ya Russia, Tomahawk ya Amerika, Storm Shadow ya Ukraine. [caption id="attachment_23325" align="alignnone" width="300"] 3M-54 Kalibr y’abarusiya[/caption]

3) Missile Hypersonique
– Imigendekere: Zishobora kugenda mu kirere cyangwa hafi y’ubutaka, zigahindura icyerekezo.
– Umuvuduko: Ziruka ku muvuduko urenze inshuro 5 z’umuvuduko w’ijwi (Mach 5+).
– Ubushobozi: Ziragoye gutahurwa no guhagarikwa n’ubwirinzi bwa gisirikare.
– Ingero: Kinzhal na Zircon ya Russia, DF-ZF ya China.

Anti-missile system

Antimissile ni intwaro cyangwa ikoranabuhanga rigamije kurwanya no kurasa missile iri mu kirere mbere y’uko igera ku ntego yayo. Ikoreshwa mu bwirinzi bw’igihugu, cyane cyane mu kurinda ibisasu bya balistique cyangwa croisière.

Anti-missile system rero ni uburyo bwo kurinda igihugu cyangwa igice cyacyo, hakoreshejwe missile cyangwa radar ishobora guhagarika missile y’umwanzi iri mu nzira yo kugera ku ntego.

Zishobora kurasa missile za balistique, missile za croisière, cyangwa indege z’intambara.

Ubwoko bwazo
1) Tactical Anti-Missile Systems
– Zikoreshwa mu kurwanya missile ziri hafi (short-range).
– Urugero: Iron Dome (Israel), THAAD (USA)

2) Strategic Anti-Missile Systems
– Zikoreshwa mu kurwanya missile balistique ziri kure (intercontinental).
– Urugero: Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) (USA), A-135 (Russia)

3. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM)
– Zikoreshwa mu kurasa indege cyangwa missile ziri mu kirere.
– Urugero: S-400 (Russia), Patriot (USA)

Uko bikora

– Radar itahura missile iri mu kirere.
– Command center igenzura icyerekezo n’umuvuduko.
– Interceptor missile iraraswa igahura na missile y’umwanzi, ikayituritsa mu kirere.

3.Drone

Drones zikoreshwa mu mirwano ni utudege tutagira abapilote, tugenzurirwa kure, tugamije kurasa ku ntego, gutahura aho umwanzi ari, cyangwa gutwara ibisasu mu ntambara.

Drones zihindura isura y’intambara z’iki gihe kubera ubuhanga bwo kwihisha, n’ubushobozi bwo kugera kure.

Ubwoko bwa drones z’intambara

1) Combat Drones (Armed UAVs)
– Ikoreshwa: Kurasa ku ntego z’umwanzi
– Ibiturika: Zishobora gutwara missile ntoya, bombe, cyangwa ibisasu byihariye
– Urugero: Bayraktar TB2 (Turukiya), MQ-9 Reaper (USA), Shahed-136 (Iran)

2) Surveillance Drones
– Ikoreshwa: Gutahura aho umwanzi ari, gukusanya amakuru
– Urugero: RQ-4 Global Hawk, Heron (Israel)
– Ubuhanga: Zifite camera, sensor, GPS, radar

3) Kamikaze Drones (Loitering Munitions)
– Ikoreshwa: Zihiga intego (cible), zigaturika ziyigezeho.
– Urugero: Switchblade (USA), Lancet (Russia), Shahed-136 (Iran)

Ibyiza bya drones mu mirwano

– Ntizikeneye abapilote: Ziragenzurwa kure, zigabanya igihombo ku basirikare
– Zihuta kandi zifite ubuhanga bwo kwihisha
– Zishobora kugera ahantu bigoye kugerwaho n’indege zisanzwe
– Zihendutse kurusha indege z’intambara

Nubwo drones z’intambara zifite akamaro kanini mu gutahura no kurasa, zifite inenge zirimo ubwirinzi buke, gutakaza igenzura, no kwibasira abasivili. Ibi bituma hakenerwa uburyo bwo kuzinoza no kuzigenzura neza mu ntambara z’iki gihe.

4.Artillerie

Artillerie ni igice cy’ingabo gifite imbunda ziremereye zishobora kurasa ibisasu ku ntera ndende, bikoreshejwe ingufu za baruti ( puissance explosive de la poudre),zikoreshwa mu kurasa ku birindiro by’umwanzi, imodoka z’intambara, cyangwa mu gushyigikira ibitero by’ingabo ziri imbere.

– Artillerie ikomoka ku ijambo ry’Igifaransa risobanura “intwaro ziremereye zirasa kure”.
– Ikoreshwa mu ntambara mu buryo bwo kurasa ibisasu bikomeye, bikagera ku ntego iri kure.
– Irimo imbunda nka howitzers, mortars, cannons, na rocket launchers.

Artillerie zigezweho muri iki gihe

1) CAESAR (France)
– Self-propelled howitzer itwarwa n’imodoka.
– Irasa ibisasu bya 155mm ku ntera ya km 40–50.
– Yihuta kandi yoroshye kwimurwa.

2) PzH 2000 (Germany)
– Ifite moteri, irasa kure (km 67 n’ibisasu bifite GPS).
– Ishobora kurasa ibisasu byinshi mu minota mike.

3) M777 (USA/UK/Canada)
– Howitzer ya 155mm, ikoreshwa n’ingabo za NATO.
– Iroroshye, ishobora gutwarwa n’indege cyangwa helicopter.

5.Indege n’ibimodoka by’intambara

Ibifaru by’intambara (Imodoka z’intambara zikomeye)

– Ibifaru byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu:
Ibi ni imodoka z’intambara zikomeye, zifite intwaro zikomeye, zishobora kurasa kure kandi zikagira ibikoresho bifasha abasirikare kubona aho barasa.
Urugero: M1 Abrams (Amerika), Leopard 2 (Ubudage)

– Ibifaru byo mu gisekuru cya kane:
Ibi ni imodoka zifite ikoranabuhanga rihanitse cyane. Zishobora kwimenya, kwirinda ibisasu zitararashwa, no guhuza amakuru n’izindi ngabo.
👉 Urugero: T-14 Armata (U Burusiya), K2 Black Panther (Koreya y’Epfo)

Indege z’intambara

– Indege zo mu gisekuru cya kane:
Zihuta cyane, zifite radar ibafasha kubona indege z’abanzi, ariko ntizishobora kwihisha (stealth).
Urugero: F-16 (Amerika), Rafale (Ubufaransa), Typhoon (Uburayi)

– Indege zo mu gisekuru cya gatanu:
Zishobora kwihisha ku buryo radar zitazibona, zifite ikoranabuhanga ryo kubona aho barasa no guhuza amakuru n’izindi ndege.
Urugero: F-35 (Amerika), J-20 (Ubushinwa

Twifashishije:Www.wikipedia.fr na www.britannica.com

Umwanditsi :Musengimana Emmanuel