Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku isukari, intungamubiri y’amugi abiri
Isukari ni intungamubiri y’ingenzi igizwe n’ibinyabutabire byitwa carbohydrates (glucides, ibinyamafufu), ikaba ari isoko y’ingufu ku mubiri w’umuntu. Mu buryo bworoshye, isukari ni ikinyabutabire gifasha umubiri kubona imbaraga zo gukora imirimo itandukanye: kwitekera, kugenda, gutekereza, no gukora indi mirimo y’umubiri. Akamaro kayo ku mubiri kakaba kagereranywa n’aka essence cyangwa mazout (carburant) ku binyabiziga.
Nyamara nanone muri iki gihe haravugwa ingaruka zikomeye ku mubiri ziterwa n’ibipimo bya sukari bitihanganirwa mu mubiri wacu, ibi bipimo bikaba bishobora kujya hejuru ya sukari ikenewe mu mubiri cyangwa sw bikajya munsi, igituma umubiri ushobora kwibasirwa n’indwara z’igikatu nka diyabeye zikomeje kwibasira abatuye Isi.
Muri iyi nkuru turagaruka ku bwoko n’inkomoko ya sukari yo mu mubiri wacu ,uko itunganywa n’uko igenzurwa mu mibiri ndetse n’imikoreshereze yayo mu mubiri.
Inkomoko y’isukari iboneka mu mubiri
1.Isukari karemano
Isukari karemano ni isukari iboneka mu biribwa bisanzwe bitunganyijwe n’uburyo bw’ikirere n’imiterere y’ibinyabuzima, nta bwoko bw’ubukorano cyangwa bwo mu nganda bwiyongerewemo. Iyi sukari ni yo umubiri ukoresha mu buryo bwizewe kandi bworoshye. Sukari karemano itanga ingufu zihuse ku bwonko n’imikaya ( muscles) kandi irimo intungamubiri zindi nka fibre, vitamine n’imyunyu ngugu.
Aho iyi sukari iboneka : Sukari karemano iboneka mu mbuto zinyuranye, mu mata, mu binyampeke, no mu binyamisogwe.
2.Isukari yongerwa mu biribwa
Ni isukari ishyirwa mu biribwa n’inganda cyangwa n’abantu ubwabo mu gihe batunganya amafunguro kugira ngo ibiryo biryohe, birambe, cyangwa bigire isura ishishikaje.
Iyi Sukari Iboneka mu bisuguti, mu migati no mu bindi byo kurya biryoherera bicuruzwa bivuye mu nganda, mu mitobe no mu nzoga zisembuye biva mu nganda
Sukari yongerwa mu biribwa itera impungenge kubera ko:
Irongera isukari mu maraso vuba: bituma insulin (umusemburo ugenzura ingano y’isukari mu mubiri) ikorwa cyane, bikaba byatera urwagashya kunanirwa
– Ishobora gutera diyabete: iyo ikoreshwa kenshi, igira uruhare mu gutuma umubiri utagishobora kugenzura isukari neza.
– Ishobora gutera umubyibuho ukabije: kuko itanga ingufu nyinshi ariko nta ntungamubiri zifatika.
– Ishobora gutera indwara z’umutima: iyo ikoreshwa mu rugero rurenze, ishobora gutuma cholesterol mbi yiyongera.
3. Isukari ikorwa n’umubiri ubwawo
Umubiri wacu ushobora gukora isukari binyuze mu buryo bwitwa gluconeogenesis.
Iyi ni inzira umubiri ukoresha mu gukora glucose (isukari ikoreshwa nk’ingufu) uturutse ku bintu bitari isukari, nk’:
– Amino acids (bituruka mu ntungamubiri z’inyama n’ibindi)
– Glycerol (ituruka mu mavuta)
– Lactate (ituruka mu mikorere y’imitsi)
Ibi bibaho cyane iyo umuntu atariye ibiryo birimo isukari ihagije cyangwa ari mu gihe cyo kwiyiriza, umubiri ukaba ukeneye ingufu zo gukomeza gukora neza.
Iyi sukari ikorerwa ahanini mu mwijima no mu mpyiko.
Amoko y’isukari
Isukari igabanywamo ibyiciro bitandukanye bitewe n’imiterere ya molekile yayo:
1.Monosaccharides – Isukari igizwe na molecule imwe
Izi ni isukari zoroshye zigizwe na molekile imwe. Zinjira mu maraso vuba kandi zikoreshwa n’umubiri gutanga ingufu zihuse.
Ingero:
– Glucose: iboneka mu ibinyamafufu, imbuto, n’ibinyobwa
– Fructose: iboneka mu mbuto n’ubuki
– Galactose: iboneka mu mata
strong>2.Disaccharides – Isukari igizwe na molecules ebyiri
Zigizwe na molekile ebyiri za monosaccharides zifatanye. Zisaba guhindurwamo monosaccharides mbere yo kwinjizwa mu maraso.
Ingero:
– Sucrose: iboneka mu isukari iyi dusanzwe dukoresha (table sugar)
– Lactose: iboneka mu mata
– Maltose: iboneka mu biribwa nk’ibinyampeke byinitswe.
3. Polysaccharides – Isukari igizwe na molecules nyinshi
Zigizwe n’urunigi rurerure rwa molekile nyinshi za monosaccharides. Zitanga ingufu buhoro buhoro kandi zifasha mu kubika ingufu.
Ingero:
– Starch (amidon) : iboneka mu birayi, ibigori, umuceri
– Glycogen: ibikwa mu mwijima n’imitsi y’umuntu
– Cellulose: iboneka mu bimera, igize urukuta rw’uturemangingo
Intambwe ku yindi mu gutunganya isukari mu mubiri
1. Kwinjiza isukari mu mubiri (Ingestion)-
Isukari iboneka mu biribwa nk’imbuto, ibinyamafufu, amata, n’ibinyobwa byongerawe isukari, Iyo umuntu abiriye, isukari igera mu gifu.
2. Igogorwa ry’isukari (Digestion)
Mu gifu no mu mara, enzymes (amylase, maltase, lactase) zifasha mu ihindura rya za polysaccharides na disaccharides mo monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose). Ibi bituma isukari iba mu buryo bworoshye bwo kwinjizwa mu mu maraso.
3.Kwinjizwa mu maraso (Absorption)
– Monosaccharides zinjira mu maraso binyuze mu turemangingo tw’amara mato.
– Glucose ni yo isukari y’imgenzi yinjizwa, ikaba ari yo ikoreshwa n’umubiri gutanga ingufu.
Muri icyo gihe fructose yo ikomeza igana mu mwijima aho igomba gutunganyirizwa nayo igahindurwamo glucose.
3 Gukoreshwa n’uturemangingo
– Glucose yinjiye mu turemangingo ifashijwe na insulin, umusemburo ukorwa n’urwagashya (pancreas).
– Iyo igeze mu turemangingo, ikoreshwa mu gukora ATP (ingufu zikoreshwa n’umubiri) ndetse ikanakoreshwa no mu bindi bice binyuranye by’umubiri nk’ubwonko, imitsi n’umutima.
Igenzura ry’igipimo cya sukari mu mubiri
Ibipimo byiza by’isukari mu mubiri
Ikigero cyiza cya sukari mu maraso (glycémie) kigira intera yemewe bitewe n’igihe gupimwa byabereye, niba ari mbere yo kurya, nyuma yo kurya, cyangwa mu gihe cy’inzara.
1. Mu gitondo utararya (fasting glucose):
– : hagati ya 70–99 mg/dL (milligrams ku decilitre).
2. Nyuma yo kurya (2 hours post-meal):
munsi ya 140 mg/dl
Umubiri ukoresha uburyo bwihariye kandi buhambaye mu kugenzura ingano y’isukari mu maraso kugira ngo igume ku rugero rukwiye.
Ushobora gukoresha:
1. Insuline – ni Umusemburo w”ingezi ugenzura ingano y’isukari mu mubiri, u vuburwa n’inyama y’urwagashya ( pancreas)
Iyo umuntu ariye, isukari (glucose) ingano yayo irazamuka mu maraso.
Icyo gihe Urwagashya ruhita ruvubura umusemburo wa insuline ufasha isukari kwinjira mu turemangingo (cells) tw’umubiri.
Mu gihe cyose insuline ikora neza, igabanya igipimo cy’isukari iri mu maraso.
2. Glucagon – Umusemburo ufasha kuzamura isukari
Iyo isukari igabanutse cyane (nko mu gihe umuntu atariye), pancreas ( urwagashya) irekura umusemburo witwa glucagon.
– Glucagon ituma umubiri usohora isukari yari ibitse mu mwijima (glycogen) ikongera igipimo cyayo mu maraso.
3. Imikoreshereze y’ingufu
Uko umubiri ukoresha isukari (nko mu gihe cy’imyitozo ngororamubiri), bigira uruhare mu kugabanya isukari mu maraso.
Ibi bituma insuline ikora neza, kandi bigafasha kwirinda diyabete ( indwara y’igisukari).
4. Uburyo bwo kubika isukari
– Iyo isukari irenze ibyo umubiri ukeneye ako kanya, ibikwa mu mwijima no mu misokoro (muscles) mu buryo bwitwa glycogen.
Mu gihe umubiri ukeneye isukari, glycogen isubizwa mu maraso.
Iyo ibi byose bitakoze neza:
– Isukari ishobora kwiyongera (hyperglycemia) cyangwa kugabanuka cyane (hypoglycemia), bikaba byatera indwara nka diyabete.
Akamaro ka Sukari mu mubiri
Sukari ya glucose ni intungamubiri y’ingenzi cyane ku mikorere y’umubiri w’umuntu. Dore uko igira akamaro mu bice bitandukanye by’umubiri:
1. Ubwonko
– Glucose ni yo soko y’imbaraga nyamukuru y’ubwonko.
– Ubwonko bukoresha glucose kugira ngo bukore neza, harimo gutekereza, kwibuka, no gufata mu mutwe.
– Iyo glucose ibuze, umuntu ashobora kugira isereri, kwibagirwa, cyangwa gucika intege mu mitekerereze.
2. Imikaya
– Glucose itanga imbaraga zikoreshwa n’imikaya mu gihe cy’imyitozo cyangwa imirimo.
– Iyo umuntu akoze imyitozo ngororamubiri, glucose ibikwa mu mikaya nka glycogen irashwanyurwa igatanga imbaraga.
3. Umutima
– Umutima ukoresha glucose mu mikorere yawo ya buri munsi.
– Iyi sukari ituma umutima utera neza kandi ukomeza gukora nta kibazo.
4. Amaraso
– Glucose itembera mu maraso, ikagera mu bice byose by’umubiri.
– Urugero rwayo rugomba kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo rutabangamira ubuzima (nk’uko bigenda ku barwaye diyabete).
5. Uturemangingo tw’umubiri
– Glucose ni isoko y’imbaraga ku turemangingo twose.
– Ikoreshwa mu gukora ATP (adenosine triphosphate), ari yo “mashini” itanga ingufu mu turemangingo.
6. Umwijima
– Umwijima ubika glucose nka glycogen, ukayisohora igihe umubiri uyikeneye.
– Ukoresha glucose mu gutunganya ibindi binyabutabire no gusohora uburozi.
Glucose ni carburant y’ubwonko
Ingaruka z’ubuke cyangwa ubwinshi bwa sukari mu mubiri
Sukari nyinshi mu mubiri
Sukari, nubwo ari isoko y’ingufu ku mubiri, iyo ibaye nyinshi igira ingaruka mbi ku mikorere y’ibice bitandukanye by’umubiri.
Dore ingaruka z’ubwinshi bwa sukari ku mubiri
1. Kuzamuka kw’isukari mu maraso
– Bituma urwagashya rukora insulin nyinshi kugira ngo igabanye iyo sukari.
– Iyo bikabije, bishobora gutera diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa kabiri.
2. Umubyibuho ukabije
– Isukari itanga ingufu nyinshi ariko nta ntungamubiri zifatika, umubiri uyihindura ibinure bikabikwa.
3. Kwangiza ubwonko
– Isukari yanyuze mu ruganda (refined sugar) ishobora gutwara vitamine B ifasha ubwonko, bigatera intekerezo zinanirwa, kwiheba, no gufata imyanzuro ihubutse.
4. Kwangiza amenyo
– Mikorobe zo mu kanwa zikunda isukari, zibyara aside yangiza amenyo.
5. Kugabanyuka k’ubudahangarwa
– Isukari nyinshi ishobora gutuma umubiri utarwanya indwara neza.
6. Kwangiza umwijima n’impyiko
– Iyo ikoreshwa mu rugero rurenze, ishobora gutuma ibi bice bikora nabi.
7. Kuba imbata y’ibinyamasukari
– Isukari itera ubwonko gukora dopamine, bigatuma umuntu ahora ayishaka.
Tubabwire kandi ko ibipimo biri hasi bya sukari mu mubiri (Hypoglycemia) nabyo bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku mubiri harimo:Kugwa igihumure,guhinda umuriro no gutitira, Kunanirwa gutekereza neza,Kugira isereri no kuribwa umutwe.
Muri make, sukari ni intunganubiri ifite uruhare rukomeye mu mikorere y’umubiri, ariko nk’uko twabigaragaje,ifite amugi 2: ifite ibyiza n’ibibi bitewe n’ingano yayo. Kugira ngo igire umumaro, igomba kugumishwa mu bipimo bikwiye.
Ni ngombwa ko abantu bamenya akamaro kayo, bakirinda kuyikoresha birenze, ndetse bakanamenya ibimenyetso byerekana ko iri munsi cyangwa hejuru y’ibipimo.
> Imirire iboneye, imyitozo ngororamubiri, n’ubumenyi ku buzima ni ingenzi mu kuyigenga.
>Bityo, twese dufite inshingano yo kwita ku gipimo cya sukari mu mubiri, kugira ngo tugire ubuzima buzira umuze.
Twifashishije: www.britannica.com
Umwanditsi: Musengimana Emmanuel