Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku nkuba ikomeje guhekura abanyarwanda
Inkuba ni kimwe mu biza bikomeje kwica abantu mu Rwanda, cyane cyane mu bihe by’imvura.
Koko rero imibare yatangajwe na MINEMA
ku itariki ya 19 Kanama 2025 yagaragaje ko mu minsi 5 gusa, inkuba zahitanye abantu 4 mu turere twa:
– Burera (2)
– Gicumbi (1)
– Ngororero (1)
– Rusizi (1)
– Hari n’abandi 15 bakomeretse, inka 3 n’amatungo magufi byapfuye, ibikorwaremezo birasenyuka.
Imwe mu mpamvu inkuba ikomeje kudutwara abantu benshi ni ubumenyi buke bukomeje kuranga abaturage ku bijyanye n’inkuba, bikaba bisaba gukomeza gukora ubukangurambaga kuri iki kiza, abaturage bakamenya byimbitse uburyo bwo kwirinda kuba bakubitwa n’inkuba!
Ibi nibyo bitumye Virunga Today nk’ikinyamakuru cyashyize imbere ubumenyi nk’ikingi y’iterambere ry’abaturage gihitamo gukora inkuru irambuye nkuba nk’ikiza, ikagaruka ku gisobanuro cy’inkuba, uko ibaho n’uburyo busesenguye bwo kuyirinda.
Inkuba (Foudre) ni iki?
Inkuba ni amashanyarazi akomeye cyane ava mu kirere (mu bicu) akagera ku butaka cyangwa ku kintu kiri ku butaka.
Ni kimwe mu bice bikomeye bigize orage (imvura irimo inkuba n’imirabyo) , kandi ishobora guteza ingaruka zikomeye ku bantu, inyubako, ibiti, n’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga.
*Uko Inkuba Ibaho — Intambwe ku Ntambwe*
1. Kwiyubaka kw’igicu cya cumulonimbus
Mu kirere haba imiyaga ishyushye izamuka n’ikonje imanuka.
Iyo myuka ihurira mu gicu kinini bita cumulonimbus maze iki igicu kigatangira gukusanya charges électriques (imbaraga z’amashanyarazi).
Ibi bituma igicu kigira charge positive mu gice cyo hejuru yacyo, naho mu gice cyo hasi yacyo kikagira charge négative muri icyo gihe kandi mu gice kigana ku butaka hirema charge positive ( induction electrique).
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2.Kwiyegeranya kw’amashanyarazi
Iyo itandukaniro ry’imbaraga (différence de potentiel) rigeze ku rugero runini muri mu gicu cya cumulonimbus, amashanyarazi yo mu gice cyo hasi ashaka aho anyura bityo hakabaho ibyo bita leader électrique, akaba umurongo w’amashanyarazi utangira gushaka inzira yo kugera ku butaka ( traceur mu rurimi rw’igifransa).
Iyi leader banita stepped leader (kubera iba igizwe n’uduce duto) iva mu gicu igana ku butaka maze yagera hafi y’ubutaka undi murongo w’amashanyarazi bita syreamer nawo ukirema uva ku butaka werekeza mu gicu.
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*3. Guhura kwa leader na streamer*
Igihe zombi zihuye, habaho inzira yuzuye amashanyarazi ashobora kunyuramo, bityo ako kanya, amashanyarazi menshi agahita agaruka vuba cyane mu gicu, nibyo bita *retour stroke.*
*Ibiranga retour stroke*
Retour stroke ni yo nkuba nyirizina, ikaba ari décharge électrique ikomeye cyane iva ku butaka igaruka mu gicu, ikaba ifite ubushyuhe, imbaraga, n’umuvuduko udasanzwe.
Dore bimwe mu biranga aya mashanyarazi.
1. Umuvuduko ukabije-
Retour stroke iba mu gihe gito cyane (microsecondes) kandi
umuvuduko wayo ushobora kugera kuri 100,000 km/s, iyi akaba ariyo mpamvu umurabyo uboneka ako kanya, urusaku rukaza nyuma.
2.Imbaraga nyinshi z’amashanyarazi
Courant électrique ishobora kugera kuri 30,000–200,000 amperes naho Voltage igashobora kugera kuri 100 millions volt, ibi akaba aribyo bituma inkuba ishobora kwica umuntu, gutwika igiti, cyangwa kwangiza inzu.
3. Ubushyuhe bukabije
Retour stroke itanga ubushyuhe bugera kuri 30,000°C—burenze ubushyuhe bwa izuba ku buso bwayo (hafi incuro 5 ubushyuhe buboneka mu ndiba y’izuba, ibi nibyo bituma umwuka uhita waguka, wikwedura ( dilatation), bigatera urusaku rw’inkuba (tonnerre).
4. Urumuri rugaragara (éclair)
Iyo amashanyarazi asimbutse, atwika umwuka uri mu nzira yayo, bigatanga urumuri rwinshi. Uru rumuri rugaragara mbere y’urusaku kuko urumuri rutambuka vuba kurusha amajwi nk’uko twabibonye hejuru.
5. Inzira imwe, ariko ishobora kunyurwamo na retour stroke nyinshi- Nubwo retour stroke iba mu murongo umwe, ishobora gukurikirwa n’indi retour stroke mu nzira imwe, bigatanga flashes nyinshi mu gihe gito.
Amashanyarazi menshi cyane |
Iyi phénomène uvuga ituma inkuba ikubita cyane ahantu hamwe kurusha ahandi, mu ndimi z’ubumenyi bayita “Lightning Hotspots” cyangwa “zones de foudre fréquente”. Mu Kinyarwanda, ushobora kuyisobanura nka “ahantu hakunze gukubitirwaho n’inkuba”.
*Impamvu zishobora gutuma inkuba ikubita cyane ahantu runaka:*
1. Imiterere y’ikirere: Ahantu hari ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubukonje buhurira hamwe (convection), hatera imvura nyinshi n’imiyaga, bikabyara inkuba nyinshi.
2. Imiterere y’ubutaka: Imisozi miremire cyangwa ahantu hahanamye bituma imiyaga izamuka vuba, bigatuma habaho kwikubita kw’inkuba kenshi.
3. Ibimera n’ibikoresho biri aho: Ahantu hari ibiti birebire, inzu ndende, cyangwa ibyuma byinshi bishobora gukurura inkuba, ibi biterwa ni ibyo bita pouvoir de pointe muri physique , pouvoir de pointe ni uburyo bw’uko charges zikunze kwirunda ahantu hasongoye cyangwa harehare gusumba ahandi hantu.
4. Icyerekezo cy’imiyaga n’imvura: Mu gihe cy’imvura, hari aho imiyaga ijyana imvura n’inkuba cyane kurusha ahandi.
Urugero: Mu Rwanda, hari ahantu nka Nyungwe cyangwa Gishwati hakunze kugaragara imvura nyinshi n’inkuba bitewe n’amashyamba menshi n’imisozi miremire.
– Ibyuma biri hejuru bifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga “champ électrique” (umuriro w’amashanyarazi) wifuzwa n’inkuba.
2. Conducteurs – Ibikoresho bikurura inkuba
Conducteurs ni ibikoresho bikozwe mu byuma (nk’umuringa, aluminium, fer) bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi. Iyo biri ahasongoye:
– Ibikoresho biri aho: Antennes, ibyuma, n’ibindi bikoresho by’amashanyarazi bikurura inkuba.
– Ibinyabutabire biri mu butaka: Amabuye cyangwa ibindi bikoresho biri mu butaka bishobora gutuma amashanyarazi akururwa cyane.
Ndabikunze Musengimana 🙌. Reka tugende intambwe ku yindi dusobanura ibintu byose ugomba kwitondera ngo udakubitwa n’inkuba, hamwe n’impamvu zifatika zituma ibyo bintu ari ingenzi mu kwirinda ibyago.
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*Ibintu Ugomba Kwitondera ngo Udakubitwa n’Inkuba*
1. Kwirinda kugama munsi y’igiti
– Impamvu: Igiti ni ahantu inkuba ikunda gukubita kubera pouvoir de pointe yacyo. Iyo ikubise igiti, amashanyarazi ashobora kwirukira mu butaka no kugera ku muntu uri hafi.
2. Kwirinda kugenda mu mazi cyangwa kuyakoraho
– Impamvu: Amazi ni conducteur w’amashanyarazi. Inkuba ikubise hafi y’amazi, amashanyarazi ashobora kwinjira mu mubiri binyuze mu mazi uriho.
3. Kwirinda gukoresha telefoni cyangwa ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi
– Impamvu: Ibikoresho bifite ibyuma bishobora gukurura amashanyarazi. Telefoni, radiyo, cyangwa televiziyo bishobora kwinjirwamo n’amashanyarazi igihe hari inkuba.
4. Kwirinda kugenda kuri moto, igare, cyangwa mu modoka ifunguye
– Impamvu: Ibyo bikoresho bikozwe mu byuma, kandi biri hejuru y’ubutaka—bigira pouvoir de pointe, bikaba inzira inkuba ishobora gukoresha.
5. Kwirinda kwegamira amadirishya n’inzugi bikozwe mu byuma
– Impamvu: Ibyuma bikurura amashanyarazi, kandi inkuba ishobora kunyura mu bikoresho biri hafi y’aho uri.
6. Kwirinda kugama mu nyubako idafite paratonnerre
– Impamvu: Inzu idafite umurindankuba ntishobora kuyobora amashanyarazi mu butaka. Inkuba ishobora kwinjira mu bikoresho biri mu nzu.
7. Kwirinda ahantu hitaruye ibintu birebire
– Impamvu: Iyo uri wenyine mu kibaya cyangwa mu kibuga, umubiri wawe uba pointe naturelle—inkuba ishobora kugukubitaho nk’uko ikubita igiti.
8. Kwegeranya amaguru igihe uri hanze
– Impamvu: Iyo amaguru yawe atandukanye, amashanyarazi ashobora kwinjira mu kaguru kamwe akanyura mu kandi, bikagutera difference de potentiel ishobora gutuma upfa ako kanya.
9. Kwirinda imitaka ifite ibyuma
– Impamvu: Imitaka ifite ibyuma ikurura amashanyarazi, kandi ishobora kuba inzira inkuba ikoresha.
Ndabikunze cyane uko ubajije ikibazo—urashaka kumenya uko ibintu bikora nyirizina, si gusa uko bigaragara. Reka dusobanure uko inkuba ikora ku muntu mu buryo bwa gihanga (scientifique), intambwe ku yindi:
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⚡ 1. Inkuba ni iki mu buryo bwa gihanga?
– Inkuba ni amashanyarazi akomeye cyane avuka mu kirere, hagati y’ibicu cyangwa hagati y’ikirere n’ubutaka.
– Iyo ibicu bifite inyuranamo ry’amashanyarazi (positive na negative charges), habaho umurabyo (lightning) ushobora kugera ku butaka.
– Uwo murabyo ushobora kunyura mu muntu cyangwa ikintu kiri hafi y’aho uciye.
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🚶 2. Intambwe ku yindi iyo umuntu akubiswe n’inkuba
🌀 Intambwe ya mbere: Inkuba imanuka iva mu kirere
– Umurabyo (lightning bolt) uva mu kirere ugana ku butaka.
– Iyo umuntu ari mu nzira y’iyo nkuba, ashobora kuyinyurwamo.
⚡ Intambwe ya kabiri: Amashanyarazi yinjira mu mubiri
– Inkuba ishobora kwinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu binyuze mu mutwe, mu ntoki cyangwa aho umuntu akoze ku kintu cyayinyuzemo (nko ku cyuma).
– Iyi nkuba ifite voltage iri hejuru cyane (irenga miliyoni imwe ya volts), ishobora gutwika uruhu, gutera guhagarara k’umutima, cyangwa gutwika imyanya y’imbere.
🔥 Intambwe ya gatatu: Inkuba igenda mu mubiri
– Amashanyarazi anyura mu mubiri w’umuntu agana mu butaka.
– Iyo anyuze mu miyoboro y’amaraso cyangwa mu gice cy’umutima, ashobora gutera cardiac arrest (guhagarara k’umutima) ako kanya.
– Ishobora gutwika uruhu (electrical burns), gutera paralysis, cyangwa kwangiza ubwonko.
🌍 Intambwe ya kane: Inkuba ishobora guturuka ku butaka
– Hari ubwo umuntu atakubiswe n’umurabyo uva mu kirere, ahubwo akandagiye ku butaka bufite amashanyarazi y’inkuba.
– Iyo umuntu ahagaze mu gace karimo amashanyarazi atemba mu butaka, amaguru ye ashobora kugira difference de potentiel (itandukaniro ry’amashanyarazi), bigatuma amashanyarazi anyura mu mubiri we kuva ku kaguru kamwe ajya mu kandi.
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🧠 3. Ibyo inkuba ishobora gutera ku mubiri w’umuntu
– Guhagarara k’umutima (cardiac arrest)
– Gutwikwa n’amashanyarazi (electrical burns)
– Kwangirika k’ubwonko (neurological damage)
– Kugagara kw’ingingo (paralysis)
– Gupfa ako kanya cyangwa gukomereka bikomeye.
🛡️ Inama z’ingenzi zo Kwitwararika
– Jya mu nzu ifunze neza igihe ubonye imvura irimo inkuba.
– Zimya ibikoresho by’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’orage.
– Shyira paratonnerre ku nyubako yawe.
– Irinde gukinira hanze mu gihe cy’imvura y’inkuba.
– Kangurira abandi kwirinda ibi byose, cyane cyane abana n’abanyeshuri.
Ukurikije uburemere bw’ibibazo by’inkuba mu gohugu cyacu, Virunga Today
Irakangurira buri wese gufata ingamba zo kwirinda inkuba, cyane cyane mu gihe cy’imvura, kugira ngo turinde ubuzima n’ibyacu.”
Ubuyobozi ndetse n’inzego z’ubutabazi zari zikwiye kugira icyo zikora, hagashyirwa imirindankuba ku nyubako rusange no gukangurira abaturage uburyo bwo kwirinda inkuba.”