Radicaux libres, uturemangingo tw’intamenyekana, serwakira mu mubiri, imikorere yatwo ikangiza ibitari bike mu mubiri.

Ahari benshi mubazasoma iyi nkuru nibwo bwa mbere bazaba bumvise ijambo “radicaux libres ( ijambo ritatworoheye kurishyira no mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda), abasigaye nabo baba bazi iri jambo, umubare utari muto muribo byabagora kumenya inkomoko y’izi serwakira ziba mu mubiri wacu, n’ingaruka zazo ku buzima bwa muntu.

Nubwo hari izi ngorane, iyi nkuru iragerageza gusubiza biriya bibazo byose bireba izi radicaux libres twibande no ku buryo bwo guhangana n’ingaruka z’imikorere yazo ku buzima bwa muntu.

Turizera ko iyi nkuru izatuma abadukurikira bagira ubumenyi bwimbitse ku buzima, izabafasha kandi no kwirinda indwara zikomoka ku kwangirika k’uturemangingo tw’umubiri zibarirwamo na nyinshi muziterwa n’izi radicaux libres.

Radicaux libres ni iki ?

Mu mubiri w’umuntu, habamo ibikorwa byinshi by’imisemburo, guhumeka, no gutwika intungamubiri kugira ngo tubone ingufu. Muri ibyo bikorwa, haturukamo uturemangingo duto twitwa radicaux libres — ni utunyangingo dufite electron imwe yonyine, bityo tukaba dushaka kwiba electron ku tundi turemangingo kugira ngo twuzuze.

Ku bw’ibyo bituma ziba zifite imbaraga nyinshi ( tres reactives) zo kwangiza uturemangingo, ADN, n’imisemburo y’umubiri. Ni nk’inkongi y’umuriro itangirira mu gikari, igakwira umuryango wose.

Utu turemangingo dukorerwa rero mu mubiri mu gihe cy’imirimo ya metabolisme ( imirimo ikorerwa mu mubiri igatanga ingufu, hakubakwa uturemangingo hagasohorwa n’imyanda.)

Dushobora ariko no kuva mu bibera hanze y’umubiri nk’ihumana ryo mu bidukikije ( pollution environnementales), imirasire y’izuba yuzuyemo ubumara ( rayons ultraviolet) n’umunaniro ukabije ( stress excessif).

Inkomoko za Radicaux libres

Inkomoko endogène ya radicaux libres,ROS(Reactive Oxygen Species) mu mubiri

Radicaux libres zituruka imbere mu mubiri (sources endogènes) zifitanye isano n’imikorere isanzwe y’uturemangingo, cyane cyane metabolisme cellulaire.
Muri iyi mikorere, hari aho oxygen ikoreshwa mu gukora ingufu, ariko igahinduka radicaux libres. Ibi biboneka cyane mu respiration cellulaire ikorerwa muri mitochondria, ndetse no mu mikorere y’uturemangingo tw’ubudahangarwa (immune cells) mu kurwanya mikorobe.

Hari n’indi mirimo y’umubiri ishobora kongera ROS, nk’inflammation, siporo ikabije, n’ibibazo by’imikorere y’uturemangingo.

1. Respiration cellulaire:
Respiration cellulaire ni igikorwa kibera mu turemangingo tw’ibinyabuzima, aho isukari (glucose) n’izindi ntungamubiri bihindurwamo ingufu zikoreshwa n’umubiri.

Ibi bikorwa bibera mu gice cy’uturemangingo kitwa mitochondrie. Muri icyo gihe Isukari ihuzwa n’umwuka wa oxygène, bigatanga:
– Ingufu (ATP – adenosine triphosphate)
– Amazi (H₂O)
– Gaz ya carbon (CO₂)

Ariko hari igihe igice gito cy’oxygen (2–5%) kidahinduka amazi nk’uko bikwiye, ahubwo kigahinduka radicaux libres bita superoxyde (O₂•⁻). Ibi biba nk’igihe mithocondrie ikora cyane cyangwa hari stress mu turemangingo.

2. ROS mu mikorere y’ubudahangarwa

Réponse immunitaire: Uturemangingo tw’ubudahangarwa nka globules blancs na macrophages dukoresha radicaux libres mu kurwanya mikorobe, virusi, n’ibyanduza. Ibi bifasha umubiri kwirwanaho, ariko iyo ROS ziba nyinshi, zishobora kwangiza uturemangingo tw’umubiri no gutera inflammation.

3. ROS iva mu mikorere y’inflammation

Processus inflammatoires: Iyo inflammation iba igihe kirekire, uturemangingo turwana n’ibyatera inflammation dukomeza gukora ROS, bikaba uruziga rwiyongera rutuma ROS ziba nyinshi kurushaho.

4. ROS iva mu bibazo by’imikorere y’uturemangingo

Akajagari kabera m’uturemangingo: Ibibazo by’imiterere y’uturemangingo (nk’ibikomoka ku ndwara z’imiterere ya ADN, imirire mibi, cyangwa inflammation) bishobora gutuma mitochondria idakora neza, bigatuma ROS ziyongera.

Radicaux libres z’ingenzi

– Superoxide (O₂⁻): Iva mu mikoreshereze y’oxygen mu ngirabuzima (respiration cellulaire). Ni imwe mu zifite ubushobozi bwo gutera oxidative stress.
– Hydroxyl radical (OH•): Iva mu kwinjira kwa hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) mu bindi binyabutabire. Ifatwa nk’imwe mu zifite ingaruka zikomeye ku mubiri.
– Peroxyl radical (ROO•): Iva mu kwangirika kwa lipide (lipid peroxidation), ikaba ifitanye isano n’indwara zifata ubwonko n’izindi zishingiye ku gusaza kw’uturemangingo.
– Nitric oxide (NO•): Nubwo ifite akamaro mu miyoboro y’amaraso, ishobora kwinjira mu bindi binyabutabire ikabyara peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), ifite ingaruka mbi.

Inkomoko z’inyuma (radicaux libres)

Radicaux libres ishobora kwiyongera mu mubiri bitewe n’ibintu bitandukanye byo hanze y’umubiri.

Ibintu bituruka ku bidukikije n’imyitwarire y’abantu

Kwiyongera kwa Radicaux libres bishobora guterwa n’imirasire y’izuba (UV) ndetse n’imirasire yindi nka X na gamma.
Bishobora kandi guterwa no Kwandura kw’ikirere, amazi n’ibiribwa no kunywa itabi n’inzoga

Imirire nayo igira uruhare mu kongera radicaux libres nk’igihe ibiribwa byatetswe cyane ( gushyirira) cyangwa bikaba birimo ibinure byinshi

Ikoreshwa ry’ imiti imwe, imiti yica udukoko (pesticides), ibisukura bikomeye (solvants industriels), n’ibyuma biremereye (métaux lourds) nabyo ni inkomoko y’ubwiyongere bwa radicaux libres mu mubiri.

Ibindi bitera ubwiyongere bwa radicaux libres mu mubiri

Kuba umuntu ari mu gihunga cyangwa afite stress y’umubiri cyangwa iy’ubwonko bituma imyuka mibi yiyongera.

Nubwo siporo isanzwe ari nziza, ariko iyo ikabije ishobora gutuma umubiri ukora radicaux libres nyinshi.

Kubura ibitotsi: Kubura ibitotsi bihungabanya uburyo umubiri wiyuburura. Kandi no kurwanya radicaux libres biragorana iyo umuntu abuze ibitotsi.

Imikorere ya Radicaux libres
Dore uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa bya radicaux libres mu mubiri
Ibaho rya electron imwe yibana yonyine ( presence d’un electron celibataire non apparie)
Radical libre ni molekile idahagaze neza ifite electron imwe itari kumwe n’indi, bitandukanye n’izindi molekile zisanzwe ziba zifite electron ziri mu matsinda yuzuye.

Gushaka guhama hamwe (Recherche de stabilité): Kubera iyo electron yonyine, radical libre iba ifite ubushake bwinshi bwo kwihuza n’indi electron iva ku yindi molekile kugira ngo ihame hamwe.

Ivuka ry’uruhererekane rwihuza ( reaction en chaine): Iyo radical libre ibashije kwiba electron ku yindi molekile, iyo molekile nayo ihinduka radical libre, bigatangiza uruhererekane ruhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo, hakaba habaho n’iyangirika ry’utu turemangingo n’inyama zo mu mubiri.

Ibyiza n’ibibi bya radicaux libres

Ibyiza bya radicaux libres mu mubiri

1. Kurwanya mikorobe n’indwara
– Iyo umubiri uhanganye n’ubwandu (infection), uturemangingo tw’ubudahangarwa dukoresha radicaux libres mu kwica mikorobe.
– Zifasha mu gukora inflammation y’ingenzi mu kurwanya virusi, bagiteri n’udukoko dutera indwara.

2. Gukangura ubudahangarwa
– Radicaux libres zifasha mu gutanga ibimenyetso ku turemangingo tw’ubudahangarwa, tukamenya aho hari ikibazo.
– Zifasha mu gutuma uturemangingo tw’ubwirinzi (nk’imisemburo ya macrophages) dukora neza.

3. Gufasha mu mikorere y’uturemangingo
– Zifasha mu gutanga amakuru hagati y’uturemangingo (cell signaling), bikenewe mu mikorere y’umubiri.
– Zifasha mu gukura no gusana uturemangingo mu gihe cy’ihindagurika ry’imikorere y’umubiri.

Ibibi bya Radicaux libres: Stress oxydatif

Bavuga ko habayeho Stress oxydatif mu gihe habayeho ukwiyongera kwa radicaux libres hagakurikiraho ihungabana ry’imikorere isanzwe y’uturemangingo.

Stress oxydatif ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye byugarije imikorere y’umubiri w’umuntu, kandi ishobora gutera indwara nyinshi zidakira.

Ingaruka ziterwa na stress oxydatif

Iyo stress oxydatif ikomeje, ishobora gutera:

– Gusaza kwihuse: uturemangingo twangirika vuba, bigatuma umubiri utakaza imbaraga n’ubushobozi.
– Kwangirika kw’imitsi n’ubwonko: bigira ingaruka ku mikorere y’ubwonko n’amarangamutima.
– Impinduka mu mikorere y’uturemangingo: bishobora gutera indwara zidakira nk’diabète, indwara z’umutima, cyangwa kanseri.

Uko umubiri uhangana na Stress Oxydatif

Anti-oxydant ni intungamubiri cyangwa imisemburo ifasha umubiri kurwanya uburozi bwitwa radicaux libres, bityo ikarinda uturemangingo kwangirika no kurwanya indwara ziterwa na stress oxydatif.

Uko antioxydant zihangana na radicaux libres

Uko antioxydants zikora mu guhangana na radicaux libres

Nk’uko twabibonye, radicaux libres ni molecules zifite electron imwe idahagije, bigatuma zishaka aho ziyikura mu zindi molecules, bikaba intandaro yo kwangiza uturemangingo. Antioxydants zifite electron zidakenewe, bityo zigatanga electron ku radical libre, ikaba itakiri ntikomeze kwangiza byinshi.

1. Gutanga electron (donation)
– Antioxydants nka vitamine C, E, glutathione zitanga electron ku radical libre.
– Ibi bituma radical libre ihinduka molecule isanzwe, idashobora kwangiza izindi.

2. Guhagarika reaction y’isenyuka (chain-breaking)
– Iyo radical libre yinjiye mu turemangingo, ishobora gutangiza reaction y’isenyuka (oxidation chain reaction).
– Antioxydants zihagarika iyo reaction mbere y’uko ikwira mu turemangingo twinshi.

3. Gusukura no gusana uturemangingo
– Antioxydants nka enzymes karemano (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) zifasha mu gusukura imyanda yatewe na oxidation.
– Zifasha mu gusana ADN, lipides, na proteines byangijwe.

4. Gukangura ubwirinzi bw’umubiri
– Zongera imbaraga z’ubudahangarwa, bigatuma umubiri ubasha kwirwanaho ku bwandu n’uburozi.
– Zifasha mu mikorere y’uturemangingo tw’ubwirinzi nka macrophages

Aho imisemburo n’intungamubiri antioxydant biboneka

Imisemburo karemano ya anti-oxydants

1. Glutathione: Iyi misemburo ikorwa n’umubiri ubwe, cyane cyane mu mwijima. Ifasha gusukura uburozi no gusana uturemangingo twangiritse.

2. Superoxide dismutase (SOD): Ikorwa n’uturemangingo tw’umubiri, cyane cyane mu gifu no mu mwijima. Ifasha guhindura radical libre yitwa superoxide mu mazi n’umwuka mwiza.

3. Catalase: Iyi misemburo ikorwa mu mwijima, impyiko, n’uturemangingo. Ifasha guhindura hydrogen peroxide (uburozi) mu mazi n’umwuka mwiza.

Intungamubiri za anti-oxydants ziboneka mu mafunguro

1. Vitamine C: Uyisanga mu ndimu, amacunga, imbwija, epinari, maracuja, n’imbuto zifite ibara ry’umuhondo cyangwa orange.

2. Vitamine E: Iboneka mu mavuta y’ibihwagari, avoka, amande, n’imbuto zifite amavuta karemano.

3. Selenium: Uyisanga mu mafi, amagi, ibinyampeke nk’umuceri w’umwimerere, n’imboga zifite ibara ry’icyatsi kibisi.

4. Zinc: Iboneka mu nyama, ibishyimbo, ibinyampeke, n’amafi. Ifasha ubudahangarwa n’isanwa y’uturemangingo.

5. Polyphenols: Ziboneka mu thé vert, divayi y’umutuku (mu rugero), ibinyomoro, n’imbuto zifite ibara rikomeye nk’urutoki rwijimye.

Ubundi buryo umubiri wacu wifashisha urwanya ingaruka za radicaux libres

1. Imyitozo ngororamubiri
Gukora siporo ifasha umubiri:
– Kongera imisemburo irwanya stress
– Gukomeza imikorere y’uturemangingo
– Kugabanya umunaniro n’umuhangayiko

4. Kwirinda ibitera stress oxydatif
– Kwirinda itabi n’inzoga nyinshi
– Kwirinda kurya ibiribwa byacuzwe cyane (processed foods)
– Kwirinda kwiyongera kw’umuhangayiko (stress y’amarangamutima)

Inama zunganira umubiri
– Kuruhuka bihagije: gusinzira amasaha 7–8 buri joro
– Kugabanya stress y’amarangamutima: meditation, yoga, kuganira n’inshuti
– Kugenzura ubuzima: kwisuzumisha buri gihe.

Muri make tero radicaux libres nubwo zifite uruhare mu mikorere y’umubiri, iyo zibaye nyinshi zishobora guteza ingaruka mbi ku buzima. Ni yo mpamvu ari ingenzi kumenya uko twazigenzura binyuze mu kurya indyo iboneye, gukora siporo, no kwirinda stress.
Buri wese rero arakangurirwa kumenya akamaro k’anti-oxydants no gufata ingamba zo kurinda ubuzima bwe.
Kuva ubu rero reba ikintu wakora kugira ngo urwanye stress oxydatif mu buzima bwawe bwa buri munsi.