Menya amoko y’inkuru dusanga mu itangazamakuru

Itangazamakuru ni urwego rugira uruhare rukomeye mu gusobanurira abaturage ibibera mu gihugu no ku isi, rukabafasha gufata ibyemezo bishingiye ku makuru yizewe. Ariko uburyo amakuru atangwa buratandukanye, bitewe n’intego n’imiterere y’inkuru. Hari inkuru zishingiye ku gutanga amakuru y’ako kanya (news report), izo kugaragaza ubuvugizi ku bibazo by’umuryango (advocacy journalism), izo gucukumbura no kugaragaza ukuri ku byihishe (investigation), ndetse n’izo gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gusobanura aho ikinyamakuru gihagaze (article d’opinion cyangwa editorial).

Kumenya ibi byiciro bitandukanye bifasha umunyamakuru n’umusomyi gusobanukirwa neza intego y’inkuru, uburyo ikozwe, n’icyo igamije kugeraho. Ni intangiriro y’ingenzi mu gusobanura imiterere y’itangazamakuru n’uburyo rihuza abaturage n’ukuri.

Dore amoko y’inkuru ( articles de journaux) aboneka mu itangazamakuru.

1. Inkuru mbarankuru ( news report, journalisme d’information)

Inkuru mbarankuru  ni inkuru y’itangazamakuru igamije gutanga amakuru y’ukuri ku byabaye, mu buryo bwihuse kandi butabogamye. Intego yayo ni kumvisha abaturage ibibera mu gihugu cyangwa ku isi, nta bitekerezo bwite by’umwanditsi.

Ibiranga inkuru mbarankuru

• Ukuri no kuba yizewe ( veracité, fiabilité):  Aya makuru agomba kugenzurwa neza, agashakirwa ibimenyetso bihamye, kandi agashingira ku inkomoko yizewe( souce fiable). Inkuru idafite ukuri cyangwa idafite aho ishingiye ihita itakaza agaciro.
• Inyungu rusange: Icyo inkuru ivuga kigomba kuba gifite akamaro ku bantu benshi, ibareba cyangwa bayifiteho inyungu. Inkuru y’itangazamakuru si iy’umwanditsi ku giti cye, ahubwo igamije gukorera rubanda.

urugero: Mu gitondo cyo kuri uyu wa Gatanu, abaturage bo mu Murenge wa Nyamyumba baratangiye ibikorwa byo gusukura umuhanda uhuza uyu murenge n’uw’abaturanyi. Ubuyobozi bw’akarere buvuga ko iki gikorwa kigamije korohereza abagenzi kugera ku isoko rya Rubavu no guteza imbere ubucuruzi hagati y’imidugudu.Umuyobozi w’akarere, Bwana Habimana Jean, yatangaje ko ibikorwa nk’ibi bizakomeza mu mirenge yose kugira ngo abaturage bagire imihanda myiza ibafasha mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Abaturage nabo bishimiye iki gikorwa, bavuga ko kizabafasha kugabanya ibibazo by’ingendo n’igihe batakazaga mu nzira.

2. Inkuru icukumbura (Investigative journalism, journalisme d’investigation)

Inkuru icukumbura ni inkuru y’itangazamakuru ikora ubushakashatsi bunonosoye ku kibazo runaka, igamije kugaragaza ukuri kwahishwe cyangwa amakosa akomeye yakozwe  mu nzego za leta, ubucuruzi, cyangwa sosiyete.

Ibiranga inkuru icukumbura

• Gucukumbura no gushakisha amakuru yihishe :Umunyamakuru akora ubushakashatsi burambuye, agashaka ibimenyetso bihishe cyangwa bitagaragara ku mugaragaro.
• Kugenzura no    kwemeza amakuru
  Ibivugwa muri bene izi nkuru ntibishingira ku byo abantu bavuze gusa; hakenerwa ibimenyetso bifatika, inyandiko, cyangwa abatangabuhamya b’ingenzi.
• Kugaragaza ukuri ku bibazo bikomeye :Intego ni ukwerekana ukuri ku ngingo ifite ingaruka ku baturage, nko ruswa, ubukungu, uburenganzira bwa muntu, cyangwa ibindi bibazo bikomeye.
• Kudashyiramo amarangamutima y’umunyamakuru: Inkuru icukumbuye igomba kuba ishingiye ku bimenyetso, si ku bitekerezo cyangwa amarangamutima bwite y’umunyamakuru.
• Kuba ifite ingaruka ku muryango :Akenshi izamura ibibazo bikomeye, igatera impinduka  mu miyoborere cyangwa mu myifatire y’abaturage.
• Igihe kinini mu kuyitegura: Inkuru icukumbuye ikenera igihe kinini cyo gukora ubushakashatsi, kugenzura amakuru no kuyandika neza.

Urugero :Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’itsinda ry’abanyamakuru, byagaragaye ko amafaranga agenewe kubaka ivuriro rishya mu Murenge wa Kigarama atigeze agera aho yagombaga gukoreshwa. Inyandiko zigaragaza ko miliyoni 200 z’amafaranga y’u Rwanda zoherejwe mu mwaka ushize, ariko abaturage bavuga ko ibikorwa byo kubaka byahagaze mu mezi atandatu ashize.

Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abanyamakuru, byagaragaye ko rwiyemezamirimo wari warahawe isoko ryo kubaka ivuriro rishya mu Murenge wa Kigarama atubahirije amasezerano. Amasezerano yasinywe mu mwaka ushize yateganyaga ko ibikorwa byo kubaka byagombaga kurangira mu mezi 12, ariko kugeza ubu inyubako iracyari ku rwego rwo hasi.

Inyandiko zigaragaza ko amafaranga yose y’isoko yoherejwe, ariko rwiyemezamirimo ntiyigeze asohoza inshingano ze. Abaturage bavuga ko bamaze igihe kinini batakaza umwanya n’amafaranga bajya kwivuza kure, kandi ivuriro ryari ryarateganyijwe ryari kuborohereza.

Abanyamakuru baganiriye n’abakozi b’akarere bashinzwe igenzura ry’amasoko, bemera ko habayeho imikorere mibi y’uwahawe isoko, ndetse ko hakenewe gukurikiranwa kugira ngo abaturage babone serivisi bari barategereje.

3. Inkuru y’ubuvugizi (Advocacy Journalism, Journalisme de plaidoyer)

Inkuru y’ubuvugizi  ni uburyo bw’itangazamakuru bugamije kugaragaza ikibazo kiri muri  sosiyete cyangwa muri politiki politiki, bukerekana impamvu impinduka zikenewe.

Ibiranga inkuru y’ubuvugizi

• Intego yo guharanira impinduka: Inkuru igamije kugaragaza ikibazo runaka mu muryango, mu bukungu cyangwa mu miyoborere, hagamijwe guhamagarira impinduka.
• Kugaragaza abatagira ijwi :Umunyamakuru aha umwanya abaturage cyangwa itsinda ridafite amahirwe yo kumvikana, akabavugira cyangwa akabaha ijambo.
• Gushyira imbere inyungu rusange Inkuru y’ubuvugizi ireba inyungu z’abaturage benshi, ikerekana ibibazo bibangamiye imibereho yabo.
• Kuba ifite umwanya wo gusaba ibisubizo: Ntigarukira gusa ku kugaragaza ikibazo, ahubwo igaragaza n’icyo abaturage cyangwa umunyamakuru basaba nk’igisubizo.
• Kuba ifite amarangamutima n’ubushishikariza: Umunyamakuru ashobora kwerekana impuhwe, uburakari cyangwa ubusabe, kugira ngo ashimangire ko ikibazo gikomeye kandi gikeneye gukemurwa.
• Kuba ikora ubuvugizi ku ruhande rumwe : Nta ntego yo kuba “neutral” nk’inkuru mbarankuru; ahubwo igamije gushyigikira impinduka cyangwa guharanira inyungu runaka.

Urugero: Abaturage bo mu Mudugudu wa Kavumu, Akagari ka Kigombe, Umurenge wa Muhoza, baracyavoma amazi y’iborohwa mu mugezi wa Kabare. Nubwo hari robine y’isoko yagenewe abaturage barenga ibihumbi 2 batuye uyu mudugudu, kugeza ubu ntikora, bikaba byarabateye gukomeza gukoresha amazi atizewe.

Abaturage babwiye umunyamakuru ko iki kibazo kimaze igihe kinini, kandi ko kubera imiterere y’aka gace k’imisozi ihanamye, babona kuzahabwa amazi meza bigoranye. Umwe mu baturage yagize ati: “Twifuza ko ubuyobozi budufasha, kuko amazi ni ubuzima. Twakomeje kwihangana ariko ikibazo kirakomeye.”

Umunyamakuru we abona ko ubwo Umushinga wo kongera ubushobozi bw’uruganda rwa Mutobo uri gukorwa, aba baturage nabo bazibukwa. Birashoboka ko n’aka gace k’imisozi ihanamye kagezwamo amazi, kuko ubuzima bw’abaturage ntibugomba gukomeza gushyirwa mu kaga.

4, Inkuru itanga ibitekerezo ( Opinion article, Article d’opinion / Editorial)

Article d’opinion cyangwa editorial ni inkuru y’itangazamakuru igamije gutanga igitekerezo cy’umwanditsi cyangwa cy’ikinyamakuru ku kibazo runaka. Ntiba igamije gusa gutanga amakuru nk’inkuru y’itangazamakuru isanzwe, ahubwo igamije gusesengura, gutanga ubusobanuro, no kugaragaza uruhande ku ngingo ifite inyungu rusange.

Inkuru bifitanye isano:

Dore amahame y’ingenzi umunyamakuru wifuza gukora kinyamwuga agomba kugenderaho

Twifashishije: www.senek.com