Iyobokamana: Ibyo wamenya ku mpaka z’urudaca hagati y’abamera Imana n’abayihakana
Impaka ku kuba Imana iriho cyangwa itariho ni zimwe mu mpaka z’igihe kirekire mu mateka ya filozofiya n’amadini.
Kuva mu bihe bya kera, abantu bagiye bibaza ibibazo bikomeye: Ni nde waremye isi? Kuki hariho ikiza n’ikibi? Ese ubuzima bufite intego cyangwa ni impanuka?
Mu mateka ya filozofiya, izi mpaka zatangiye kugaragara cyane mu gihe cya filozofiya y’Abagiriki ba kera. Abahanga nka Plato na Aristotle baganiriye ku miterere y’isi n’icyerekezo cyayo, bagaragaza ko hari ikintu cy’ikirenga kiri imbere byose.
Nyuma, mu kinyejana cya 11, Anselm of Canterbury yagaragaje Ontological Argument, naho Thomas Aquinas mu kinyejana cya 13 yandika Five Ways , gihamya zigaragaza ko Imana ibaho ahereye ku mpamvu za filozofiya.
Ku rundi ruhande, mu gihe cy’Age of Enlightenment (ikinyejana cya 17–18), abashakashatsi n’abanditsi nka David Hume na Immanuel Kant batangiye gusuzuma izi gihamya mu buryo bushidikanya, bagaragaza ko ibimenyetso by’abemera Imana bishobora kuba ari amarangamutima cyangwa ibitekerezo bidafite ishingiro ry’ubumenyi.
Mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20, abahanga nka Charles Darwin (inyigisho y’ihinduranya ry’ibinyabuzima) na Sigmund Freud (impaka z’ubumenyi bw’imitekerereze) bagaragaje ko idini rishobora gusobanurwa nk’igikorwa cy’abantu, aho kuba ikimenyetso cy’Imana.
Kugeza n’ubu, izi mpaka ziracyakomeza mu buryo bushya: abemera Imana bashyira imbere Teleological Argument, Moral Argument, Personal Experience, n’andi; mu gihe abahakanyi bashyira imbere Scientific Argument, Problem of Evil, Lack of Evidence, Divine Hiddenness, Psychological & Sociological Argument.
Muri iyi nkuru turabagezaho izi gihamya nk’uko zatanzwe n’impande zombi.
II. Gihamya y’abemera Imana
Mu mateka y’iyobokamana n’ubumenyi, abemera bagiye batanga ibihamya bitandukanye bigaragaza ko Imana ibaho. Ibi bihamya bishingira ku buryo isi n’ibiyirimo byubatse mu buryo bujyanye n’ubuzima, ku mayobera y’ibitarasobanurwa n’ubumenyi, ku mateka n’imico y’abantu, ndetse no ku buhamya bwabo ku giti cyabo.
Abemera bavuga ko ibi byose bigaragaza ko Imana ari yo ntangiriro n’ishingiro ry’ibiriho byose, kandi ko ubuzima bw’abantu n’imico yabo bidashobora gusobanurwa neza hatabayeho Umuremyi. Ibi bituma habaho urukurikirane rwa za gihamya (arguments) z’abemera, zigaragaza impamvu bavuga ko Imana ibaho.
- Kuba Isi ifite umutekano n’itegeko (Teleological Argument na Argument from design)
Teleological Argument, izwi kandi nka Argument from Design, ni imwe mu gihamya gikomeye gikoreshwa mu kugaragaza ko Imana ibaho. Iyo turebye imiterere y’isi n’ibiyibamo, tubona ibintu byubatse mu buryo bujyanye n’ubuzima, bigaragaza ko hari umugambi n’icyerekezo byashyizwemo. Urugero ni imiterere y’amaso y’umuntu, uburyo yifashishwa mu kureba no gutanga amakuru ku bwenge, cyangwa imikoranire y’ikirere n’imibereho y’ibinyabuzima. Ibi byose bigaragaza ko atari impanuka cyangwa ibintu byabaye nta mugambi, ahubwo byerekana igishushanyo cyatekerejwe n’Umuremyi. Ku bemera, iyi ni gihamya y’uko isi n’ibiyirimo bifite uwabishyizeho umugambi, kandi ko uwo mugambi ari ikimenyetso cy’Imana.
2. Ubumenyi buke bwa muntu ( God of the Gaps Argument)
God of the Gaps Argument ni gihamya ikunze gukoreshwa mu kugaragaza ko Imana ari yo isobanuro ry’ibice by’ubumenyi n’isi bitaramenyekana neza. Iyo abantu bahura n’ibibazo cyangwa ibitangaza bidasobanurwa n’amategeko ya siyansi cyangwa ubumenyi bugezweho, abemera babibona nk’aho ari icyyho mu bumenyi byuzuzwa n’Imana. Urugero ni igihe hatari ibisobanuro bihamye ku mpamvu z’ihindagurika ry’ikirere, ubuzima bwa nyuma y’urupfu, indwara zitarabonerwa ibisobnauro, uko ubuzima bwatangiye kubaho, …., abemera bavuga ko ibyo ari ibimenyetso byerekana ko hari Umuremyi uri inyuma yabyo. Iyi nzira igaragaza ko Imana ari yo isobanuro ry’ibice byose by’isi n’ubuzima, haba mu byumvikana neza cyangwa mu bitaramenyekana, bityo ikaba gihamya gikomeza kwerekana ko Imana ari yo ntangiriro n’ishingiro ry’ibiriho byose.
3. Umuco n’amateka (Cultural and Historical Argument for God’s Existence)
Mu mateka y’abantu n’imico itandukanye ku isi, ubusanzwe habonekaga igitekerezo cy’Imana cyangwa imbaraga ziri hejuru y’umuntu. Nta na rimwe habayeho umuco cyangwa sosiyete itigeze igira uburyo bwo gusobanura ibibera mu buzima binyuze mu kwemera ikintu cy’ikirenga. Ku bemera, kuba abantu bo mu bice byose by’isi, kuva mu bihe bya kera kugeza ubu, barahurije ku gitekerezo cy’Imana, ni gihamya y’uko Imana ibaho koko. Amateka yerekana ko imico yose yagiye ishingira ku kwemera, haba mu myizerere, mu mategeko, cyangwa mu migenzo, bigaragaza ko Imana ari igitekerezo cy’ingenzi cyahoranye n’abantu. Ibi bituma Cultural and Historical Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana ari yo ntangiriro n’ishingiro ry’ubuzima bw’abantu n’imico yabo.
4. Ubuhamya bw’abantu ku giti cyabo (Personal Experience Argument cyangwa Experiential Argument for God’s Existence.)
Ubumwe bw’abantu n’Imana kenshi bugaragarira mu buhamya bwabo ku giti cyabo. Hari abavuga ko bagize uburambe bwihariye mu masengesho, mu byago bikomeye, cyangwa mu byishimo, aho bumvise ko hari imbaraga ziri hejuru y’umuntu zibahumuriza cyangwa zibayobora. Abandi bagaragaza ko babonye ibisubizo by’amasengesho, cyangwa ko bagize amahoro n’umunezero udasanzwe mu gihe bari mu mibanire n’Imana. Ku bemera, ibi bihamya by’ukubaho kw’Imana ntibishingira gusa ku mategeko ya siyansi cyangwa ku mateka, ahubwo bishingira ku burambe bw’umuntu ku giti cye. Ibi bituma Personal Experience Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana ibaho, kuko uburambe bw’abantu bwihariye bugaragaza ko hari imbaraga ziri hejuru y’umuntu zigaragaza mu buzima bwa buri wese.
5. Gihamya zishingiye ku ndangagaciro ( Moral Argument for God’s Existence)
Moral Argument igaragaza ko kuba abantu bose, mu mico yose no mu mateka yose, bagira igitekerezo cy’icyiza n’ikibi ari gihamya y’uko hari Umuremyi washyizeho ayo mahame. Abantu bashobora gutandukana mu migenzo cyangwa mu mategeko, ariko buri wese agira kumva ko hari ibintu bibi bidakwiye gukorwa n’ibindi byiza bikwiye gukorwa. Urugero ni uguhamya rusange ko kwica umuntu cyangwa kwiba ari bibi, naho gufasha abandi no kubaha ubuzima ari byiza. Ku bemera, kuba aya mahame y’imico adashobora gusobanurwa gusa n’amategeko ya siyansi cyangwa impinduka z’imico, ahubwo akagaragara nk’ihame rusange ryahoranye n’abantu, ni gihamya y’uko Imana ari yo isoko y’icyiza n’ikibi. Ibi bituma Moral Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana ibaho, kuko ari yo yashyize mu mitima y’abantu kumva icyiza n’ikibi.
6. Filozofiya y’Ubuzima bw’Imana (Ontological Argument)
II.Gihamya z’abahakanyi
Nyuma yo gusuzuma ibihamya bitangwa n’abemera ku kubaho kw’Imana, hari n’abandi bahakanyi bagaragaza impamvu zabo zishingiye ku bumenyi, ku mateka, no ku filozofiya. Aba bavuga ko ibitekerezo by’ukwemera bidafite ishingiro rikomeye, ahubwo ari ibisobanuro byashyizweho n’abantu mu gihe bataragira ubumenyi buhagije. Ku ruhande rwabo, ibimenyetso byose bigaragarira mu isi no mu buzima bushobora gusobanurwa n’amategeko ya siyansi, impinduka z’ubuzima, cyangwa amateka y’imico y’abantu. Ibi bituma habaho urukurikirane rw’arguments z’abahakanyi, zigaragaza impamvu bavuga ko Imana itabaho, kandi ko ibitekerezo by’ukwemera ari ibisobanuro by’abantu mu gihe cy’amayobera.
1.Gihamya zishingiye ku bumenyi n’ubushakashatsi (Scientific Argument Against God’ Existence, Naturalistic Argument)
Abahakanyi bavuga ko ubumenyi n’ubushakashatsi bihagije mu gusobanura isi n’ubuzima, bityo ko bidakenewe gusobanurwa n’Imana. Mu mateka y’ubushakashatsi, ibibazo byinshi byafatwaga nk’amayobera byagiye bisobanurwa n’ubumenyi: imiterere y’ikirere, imikorere y’umubiri w’umuntu, n’ihindagurika ry’ibinyabuzima. Urugero ni uko indwara nyinshi zigeze gufatwa nk’ibyatewe n’imbaraga zidasanzwe, ariko nyuma zigasobanurwa n’ubumenyi bwa siyansi. Ku bahakanyi, ibi bigaragaza ko uko ubushakashatsi bugenda butera imbere, ibisobanuro by’ubuzima n’isi bigenda bisobanurwa mu buryo bwumvikana, bityo ntibikenewe gusobanurwa n’Imana. Ibi bituma Science and Research Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko ibitekerezo by’ukwemera ari ibisobanuro by’abantu mu gihe bataragira ubumenyi buhagije.Naturalistic Argument)
Uko Gihamya z’ubumenyi n’ubushakashatsi zivuguruza Gihamya z’abemera Imana
- Teleological Argument (Design Argument) : Abemera bavuga ko imiterere y’isi igaragaza umugambi w’Umuremyi. Abahakanyi bavuga ko ubumenyi (physics, biologie, evolusiyo) bisobanura neza uko ibintu byubatse, bityo ntibikenewe gusobanurwa n’Imana.
- God of the Gaps Argument: Abemera bavuga ko Imana ari yo isobanuro ry’ibitarasobanurwa n’ubumenyi. Abahakanyi bavuga ko uko ubushakashatsi bugenda butera imbere, ibyo “gaps” bigenda bisobanurwa n’ubumenyi (urugero: indwara zigeze gufatwa nk’ibyatewe n’imbaraga zidasanzwe, nyuma zisobanurwa n’ubumenyi bwa siyansi).
- Cultural and Historical Argument: Abemera bavuga ko kuba imico yose yaragize igitekerezo cy’Imana ari gihamya y’uko Imana ibaho. Abahakanyi bavuga ko ibyo ari ibisobanuro by’abantu mu gihe bataragira ubumenyi buhagije, kandi ko imico ishobora guhuriza ku bitekerezo bitari ukuri.
- Personal Experience Argument Abemera bavuga ko ubuhamya bw’abantu ku giti cyabo ari gihamya cy’Imana. Abahakanyi bavuga ko ibyo ari uburambe bw’umutima n’imitekerereze (psychologie), bishobora gusobanurwa n’ubumenyi bw’imitekerereze n’ubwonko.
- Moral Argument : Abemera bavuga ko kumva icyiza n’ikibi ari gihamya y’uko Imana yabishyize mu mitima y’abantu. Abahakanyi bavuga ko amahame y’imico asobanurwa n’impinduka z’imico, amateka y’abantu, n’inyungu z’imibereho, ntibisaba Imana.
- Ontological Argument: Abemera bavuga ko Imana ari igitekerezo cy’ikirenga, bityo igomba kubaho mu by’ukuri. Abahakanyi bavuga ko kuba umuntu ashobora gutekereza ku kintu ntibisobanura ko gihari mu by’ukuri; ni ikosa rya filozofiya.
3. Ukwigenga mu bitekerezo ( Autonomy of Thought, Intellectual Independence Argument.)
Abahakanyi bavuga ko umuntu agomba kugira ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo bye, ntibibe ngombwa ko yishingikiriza ku Mana cyangwa ku myizerere y’iyobokamana kugira ngo asobanure isi n’ubuzima. Ku ruhande rwabo, kwigenga mu bitekerezo (autonomy of thought) bisobanuye ko umuntu ashobora kwifashisha ubwenge bwe, ubumenyi, n’ubushakashatsi kugira ngo agere ku bisobanuro bihamye, atagombye kwemera ibintu bidafite gihamya ifatika. Ibi bituma Intellectual Independence Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya cy’uko Imana itabaho, kuko umuntu ashobora kubaho, gutekereza, no gufata ibyemezo by’ingenzi mu buzima bwe adashingiye ku Mana, ahubwo ashingiye ku bwenge n’ubushobozi bwe bwite.
4. Gihamya y’amateka y’amadini ( Argument from the History of Religion.)
Abahakanyi bavuga ko amateka y’amadini agaragaza ko ibitekerezo by’Imana ari ibisobanuro by’abantu mu bihe bitandukanye, aho buri gihe amadini yagiye ahinduka, agahindura inyigisho n’imigenzo bitewe n’aho abantu bari n’igihe babayemo. Mu mateka, habayeho amadini menshi atandukanye, rimwe rikazimira, irindi rikazahaguruka, bigaragaza ko ibitekerezo by’iyobokamana bidahoraho nk’ukuri kudashidikanywaho, ahubwo ari imyumvire y’abantu mu bihe runaka. Ikindi kandi, amadini ubwayo yagiye asubiranamo, bigatera intambara n’amakimbirane akomeye hagati yayo, urugero nk’intambara z’abakirisitu n’abayisilamu, cyangwa intambara hagati y’amatorero atandukanye mu gihe cy’amateka y’u Burayi. Ku bahakanyi, kuba amateka yerekana ko amadini ahinduka, atandukanye, ndetse akagira amakimbirane hagati yayo, ni gihamya y’uko Imana ari igitekerezo cy’abantu, atari ukuri kudashidikanywaho. Ibi bituma Historical Argument from Religion igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana itabaho, kuko amateka y’amadini yerekana ko ari imyumvire y’abantu mu bihe bitandukanye.
5. Ibura ry’ibimenyetso simusiga ( lack of evidence, Argument from Nonbelief ,Absence of Evidence.)
Abahakanyi bavuga ko kuba nta gihamya ifatika igaragaza kubaho kw’Imana ari byo bihamya ubwabyo y’uko itabaho. Mu bumenyi n’ubushakashatsi, ibintu byose bigaragazwa nk’ukuri bigomba kuba bifite ibimenyetso bifatika bishobora kugenzurwa no kwemezwa. Ku ruhande rwabo, kuba Imana itagaragazwa mu buryo bushobora kugenzurwa n’ubumenyi, cyangwa ngo habeho ibimenyetso bifatika bigaragaza kubaho kwayo, ni ikimenyetso cy’uko ari igitekerezo cy’abantu gusa.
Niba Imana ikunda abantu bose kandi ishaka ko bayemera, byari kuba byoroshye kubona ibimenyetso bihamye. Kuba bidahari bigaragaza ko Imana itariho cyangwa itita ku bantu. Kuba amadini atandukanye afite inyigisho zitandukanye ku Mana bigaragaza ko nta kimenyetso kimwe gihamye gihari. Iyo kimenyetso cyari gihari, abantu bose bari kubihurizaho, hakabaho inyigisho zimwe.
Ibi bituma Lack of Evidence Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana itabaho, kuko mu gihe ibindi byose bigaragazwa n’ubumenyi, Imana yo nta gihamya ifatika iyihamya
6. Imana yihishe ( Divine Hiddenness🙂
Abahakanyi bavuga ko niba Imana koko ibaho kandi ikaba yifuza ko abantu bayemera, kuki yihisha cyangwa ikigaragaza mu buryo budasobanutse? Ku ruhande rwabo, kuba abantu benshi batemera Imana cyangwa bakayishidikanyaho, ndetse hakabaho abantu bifuza kuyemera ariko ntibayibone mu buryo bugaragara, ni gihamya y’uko Imana itabaho. Iyo Imana y’ukuri ibaho kandi ikaba yuje urukundo, yagombye kwigaragaza mu buryo bwumvikana ku bantu bose, aho kwihisha mu buryo butuma habaho gushidikanya no kutayemera. Ibi bituma Hiddenness of God Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana itabaho, kuko kwihisha kwayo bidahuza n’icyo abemera bavuga ku Mana y’ukuri.
7. Gihamya yemeza ukwemera nk’igisubizo cy’amarangamutima n’ibyifuzo bya muntu’igikorwa cyashinze imizi muri sosiyete (Psychological and Sociological Argument Against God’s Existence.)
Abahakanyi bavuga ko imyizerere ku Mana ishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo bwa psychologie n’imibereho ya sosiyete (sociology), aho idasaba ko Imana koko ibaho. Ku ruhande rwa psychologie, abantu bashobora kwemera Imana kubera ibibazo by’ubuzima, ubwoba bw’urupfu, cyangwa icyifuzo cyo kugira ihumure mu byago. Ibi bigaragaza ko imyizerere ari uburyo bwo guhangana n’amayobera n’imibabaro, aho kuba gihamya y’ukuri. Ku ruhande rwa sociology, amadini n’imyizerere byagiye bigira uruhare mu guhuza abantu, kubashyiraho amategeko, no kubaha icyerekezo mu mibereho. Ku bahakanyi, ibi byose bigaragaza ko Imana ari igitekerezo cy’abantu cyubatswe mu rwego rwo gucunga sosiyete no guha abantu icyizere, ariko atari gihamya y’uko Imana ibaho mu by’ukuri. Ibi bituma Psychological and Sociological Argument igaragazwa nk’igihamya gikomeye cy’uko Imana ari igitekerezo cy’abantu, aho kuba ukuri kudashidikanywaho.
Umwanzuro
Impaka ziri hagati y’abemera Imana n’abayihakana zigaragaza uburyo abantu bagerageza gusobanura isi n’ubuzima mu buryo butandukanye. Abemera Imana bashyira imbere icyizere, uburambe bw’umuntu, indangagaciro, n’amateka y’umuco, bakavuga ko ibi byose bigaragaza ko hari Umuremyi. Ku rundi ruhande, abahakanyi bashyira imbere ubumenyi, ubushakashatsi, kubura ibimenyetso, ikibazo cy’akarengane n’akaga, ukwigenga mu bitekerezo, n’isesengura ry’amateka y’amadini, bakerekana ko ibyo byose bishobora gusobanurwa nta kintu cy’ikirenga gikenewe.
Ibi bigaragaza ko impaka zombi zifite imizi mu filozofiya, siyansi, amateka, umuco, n’uburambe bw’umuntu ku giti cye. Nta ruhande rufite igisubizo cyuzuye ku bibazo byose, ahubwo buri ruhande rugaragaza uburyo bwihariye bwo gusobanura isi.
Ishusho ya Yezu abakristu bemeza ko ari umwana w’Imana wigize umuntu, nk’uko yakozwe n’umunyabugeni
Idini ya Islam: Ishusho y’Intumwa y’Imana Mohamedi
Twifashishije: www.wikipedia.org na www.bigthink.com