Mu Rwanda, ikibazo cya inflation gikomeje kuba ingingo y’ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage no mu igenamigambi ry’ubukungu.

Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ibarurishamibare (NISR) gihora gitangaza buri gihembwe uko ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa na services byahindutse, bigatanga ishusho y’uko ubukungu buhagaze.
Ibi byegeranyo bigaragaza uko ibiciro by’ibiribwa, ibikomoka kuri peteroli, n’ibindi bikoresho by’ingenzi byiyongera cyangwa bigabanuka, bityo bikafasha abayobozi n’abashakashatsi gusobanukirwa ingaruka z’ihindagurika ry’ibiciro ku buzima bwa buri munsi.
Muri iyi nkuru turagaruka ku bisobanuro bihabwa inflation, twibande no ku bwoko bubiri bwa inflation bukunze gushegesha ubukungu bw’ibihugu.

Inflation ni iki ?

Inflation ni izamuka rimara igihe ( durable) kandi rikaba rusange ry’ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa na services by’ingenzi mu gihugu, bigatuma amafaranga ahabwa agaciro gake ugereranyije n’uko byari bimeze mbere.
Iyo ibiciro byiyongera ku rugero ruri hejuru, abaturage batangira kubona ko amafaranga bafite atagura ibintu byinshi nk’uko byari bimeze mbere.

Inflation z’ingenzi zigaragara mu bukungu ni ebyiri: Demand pull inflation (izamuka riterwa n’ubusabe bw’abaguzi buri hejuru kurusha ibicuruzwa bihari) na Cost push inflation (izamuka riterwa n’izamuka ry’ikiguzi cyo gukora ibicuruzwa).

Demand pull inflation

Inflation yatewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubusabe ku isoko (Inflation par la demande) ni igihe ibiciro by’ibintu na services byiyongera kubera ko abantu cyangwa inganda bashaka kugura byinshi kurusha ibihari.

Iyo igitutu cy’abashaka kugura kiruta ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa bihari, abacuruzi bazamura ibiciro kuko biba bishakishwa cyane
CAUSES
Inflation par la demande (Demand-Pull Inflation) iba igihe umuvuduko w’abashaka kugura ibicuruzwa n’insogongezi (aggregate demand) uruta kure ibyo inganda n’abacuruzi bashobora gukora cyangwa kugeza ku isoko (aggregate supply). Mu buryo bworoshye, ni “amafaranga menshi akurikira ibintu bike”. [1]
Dore ibintu by’ingenzi (facteurs déclenchants) bitera iyi inflation:
1. Izamuka ry’Ikoreshwa ry’Amafaranga n’Abaturage (Hausse de la consommation)
Igihe abaturage bafite icyizere cy’ahazaza cyangwa imishahara yabo yazamutse, batangira kugura ibintu byengi cyane (nk’imodoka, amazu, cyangwa ibikoresho byo mu nzu). Iyo ibyo bashaka kwigura bibaye byinshi kuliko ibiri ku isoko, ibiciro bihita bizamuka.
2. Politiki y’Imari Yoroshye ya Banki Nkuru (Politique monétaire expansionniste)
Iyo Banki Nkuru y’igihugu yagabanyije inyungu z’inguzanyo (taux d’intérêt), bituma amabanki y’ubucuruzi atanga inguzanyo mu buryo bworoshye kandi ku giciro gito.
• Ingaruka: Abantu n’ibigo bafata inguzanyo nshya n’amafaranga akaba menshi mu muryango, bigatuma barushanwa kugura ibintu bike bihari.
3. Izamuka ry’Imikoreshereze y’Amafaranga ya Leta (Augmentation des dépenses publiques)
Iyo Leta itangiye gushora amafaranga menshi mu mishinga minini (nk’imihanda, ibitaro, ibibuga by’indege) cyangwa kongera imishahara y’abakozi ba leta, bituma amafaranga ajya mu baturage n’ibigo biba abakozi biba byinshi. Ibi birongera inyota yo kugura ku isoko.
4. Izamuka ry’Ibyoherezwa mu Mahanga (Hausse des exportations)
Iyo ibicuruzwa by’igihugu bikunzwe cyane mu mahanga cyangwa agaciro k’ifaranga ryacyo kakatakara bituma abanyamahanga babigura ku giciro cyiza, ibyoherezwa hanze biriyongera.
• Ingaruka: Ibicuruzwa bisigara mu gihugu imbere biba bike, abasanzwe mu gihugu bakabiburira gupfatsa bikazamura ibiciro.
5. Iterambere ry’Ishoramari ry’Ibigo (Augmentation des investissements)
Igihe ibigo by’ubucuruzi bibona ubukungu bwifashe neza, bishora amafaranga menshi mu kugura imashini nshya, kubaka inganda, cyangwa gukoresha itumanaho rigezweho. Iri shoramari rya rimwe na rimwe rikorwa icyarimwe rishobora gukurura izamuka ry’ibiciro by’ibyo bikoresho by’ubwubatsi n’imashini.
Niba ubishaka, dushobora kurebera hamwe uko Banki Nkuru z’ibihugu zikoresha politiki y’imari (politique monétaire) mu gukumira iri zamuka ry’ibiciro, cyangwa tukareba ingero zifatika z’aho ibi byabaye mu mateka. Ni ikihe gice cyagufasha cyane?

GUHANGANA
Guhangana
Leta ihangana n’izamuka ry’ibiciro riterwa n’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ubushobozi bwo kugura (inflation par la demande) ikoresheje uburyo bubiri bw’ingenzi: politiki y’ifaranga (monetary policy) na politiki y’ingengo y’imari (fiscal policy). Izi ngamba zigamwe kugabanya amafaranga ari mu maboko y’abaturage kugira ngo agaciro k’ibiciro kasubire ku murongo.Muri rusange, izi ni zo ngamba za Leta zikoresha mu guhangana n’iyi ngaruka:1.