Byinshi wamenya ku itunganywa ry’ubutare bwa Uranium, hakaboneka ingufu z’amashnyarazi cyangwa intwaro za kirimbuzi

Mu gihe isi ikomeje gushakisha ingufu zizewe kandi zidahumanya ikirere, ingufu za nikereyeri ( energie nucleaire)  zikomeje gufatwa nk’imwe mu nzira zifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi ahagije ku bihugu byinshi by’uyu mubumbe.  Ariko nanone, izi ngufu zifite impande ebyiri: zishobora kuba isoko y’iterambere ry’ubukungu mu gihe zikoreshejwe mu gutanga ingufu, cyangwa zikaba intandaro y’impungenge ku mutekano mpuzamahanga igihe zikoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Ni muri urwo rwego twahisemo gutegura iyi nkuru: kugira ngo dusobanure neza uko uranium itunganywa, uburyo ishobora gutanga amashanyarazi cyangwa intwaro, ndetse n’ingaruka zayo ku mutekano w’isi.

Iran ni urugero rufatika rwerekana uko gahunda ya nikereyeri  ishobora kuvamo impaka zikomeye. Gahunda yayo yatangiye mu myaka ya 1950 ifashijwe n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba bw’Isi, igamije guteza imbere ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Nyuma y’ihinduka rikomeye muri politiki y’iki gihugu mu mwaka wa 1979 ( ubwo habaga impinduramatwara ya kislamu yimitse ubutegetsi bwa ba mollahs) , iyi gahunda  yahindutse ikibazo gikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu byinshi byatangiye gukemanga intego nyayo za Tehran, bikibaza niba itagamijea gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.Kugeza naho mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Gashyantare 2026, ibihugu by’Amerika na Israel bihisemo kugaba ibitero simusiga kuri Iran bigamije kuburizamo uyu mugambi w’ikorwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Uranium na Energie nucleaire

Ingufu za nyukiliya ni ingufu zituruka mu gutandukana cyangwa mu guhuza atome, bikaboneka mu buryo bwa fission (gutandukana kwa noyau y’atome) cyangwa fusion (guhuza noyau ebyiri). Zifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutanga amashanyarazi menshi mu nganda, ariko nanone zikaba zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Twibukiranije bimwe mu bigize matieres twamenye mu isomo rya chimie:

Noyau y’atome igizwe na:
– Protons: uduce dufite umuzingo w’amashanyarazi (+), zigena nimero atomique y’element.
– Neutrons: nta muzingo zigira, ariko zongerera noyau uburemere.
– Electrons: ziba hanze ya noyau, ntizifite uruhare rukomeye mu ngufu za nyukiliya.

Ibi bigize noyau bituma habaho isotopes: atome zifite umubare umwe wa protons ( umubare atomique) ariko zifite umubare utandukanye wa neutron.

Mu ngufu za nyukiliya, uranium ni yo matière ikunze gukoreshwa cyane hakifashishwa isotopes zayo 2:

– Uranium‑238 (U‑238): ni yo iboneka cyane mu butaka (99%), ifite protons 92 na neutrons 146. Ntabwo ikora fission mu buryo bworoshye, ariko ishobora gufata neutron ikavamo plutonium‑239.
– Uranium‑235 (U‑235): ifite protons 92 na neutrons 143, ikora fission neza cyane, ikarekura ingufu nyinshi.

Itunganywa rya Uranium

Uranium iboneka mu butaka mu buryo bwa ore (amabuye ya uranium), ikaba igizwe ahanini na U‑238 hamwe na U‑235 ku kigero gito cyane. Mu rwego rwo kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu nganda cyangwa mu ntwaro, ikenera inzira ndende yo kuyitunganya no kuyikungahaza.

1. Gucukura no gutunganya mu ntangiriro
– Uranium icukurwa mu butaka ikavamo amabuye yitwa uranium ore.
– Ayo mabuye atunganywa agahindurwa mu ifu yitwa yellowcake (U₃O₈), ari yo shingiro ry’itunganywa rya uranium.

2. Kuyihindura mu buryo bworoshye gutunganywa
– Yellowcake ihindurwa mu gikorwa cya chimique ikavamo uranium hexafluoride (UF₆), ikaba ari gaz yoroshye gukungahaza mu mashini za centrifuge.

3. Centrifuge process – gukungahaza
– UF₆ ishyirwa mu mashini za centrifuge zikayizungurutsa ku muvuduko mwinshi.
– U‑235 ikaba yoroshye kugenda igatandukanywa na U‑238.
– Bityo, igipimo cya U‑235 kikazamurwa ugereranyije n’icyo yari ifite mu butaka.

4. Ibipimo by’uranium ikungahajwe
– LEU (Low Enriched Uranium): 3–5% U‑235, ikoreshwa mu nganda z’amashanyarazi.
– HEU (Highly Enriched Uranium): hafi 90% U‑235, ikoreshwa mu ntwaro za kirimbuzi.