Mu gihe isi ikomeje gushakisha ingufu zizewe kandi zidahumanya ikirere, ingufu za nikereyeri ( energie nucleaire)  zikomeje gufatwa nk’imwe mu nzira zifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi ahagije ku bihugu byinshi by’uyu mubumbe.

Ariko nanone, izi ngufu zifite impande ebyiri: zishobora kuba isoko y’iterambere ry’ubukungu mu gihe zikoreshejwe mu gutanga ingufu, cyangwa zikaba intandaro y’impungenge ku mutekano mpuzamahanga igihe zikoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Ni muri urwo rwego twahisemo gutegura iyi nkuru: kugira ngo dusobanure neza uko uranium itunganywa, uburyo ishobora gutanga amashanyarazi cyangwa intwaro, ndetse n’ingaruka zayo ku mutekano w’isi.

Iran ni urugero rufatika rwerekana uko gahunda ya nikereyeri  ishobora kuvamo impaka zikomeye.

Gahunda yayo yo gutunganya uranium yatangiye mu myaka ya 1950 ifashijwe n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba bw’Isi, ikaba rugikubita byaremezwaga ko igamije guteza imbere ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Nyuma y’ihinduka rikomeye muri politiki y’iki gihugu mu mwaka wa 1979 ( ubwo habaga impinduramatwara ya kislamu yimitse ubutegetsi bwa ba mollahs) , iyi gahunda  yahindutse ikibazo gikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu byinshi byatangiye gukemanga intego nyayo za Tehran, bikibaza niba itagamijea gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.Kugeza naho mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Gashyantare 2026, ibihugu by’Amerika na Israel bihisemo kugaba ibitero simusiga kuri Iran bigamije kuburizamo uyu mugambi w’ikorwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi.

1. Iby’ibanze ( notion) wamenya kugira ngo ushobore gusobanukirwa n’ibijyanye n’ingufu za nikreyeri

–Itandukana (fission) ry’atome cyangwa ukwihuza kw’atome (fusion), isoko ry’ingufu za nikreyeri

Ingufu za nyukiliya ni ingufu zituruka mu gutandukana cyangwa mu guhuza atome, bikaboneka mu buryo bwa fission (gutandukana kwa noyau y’atome) cyangwa fusion (guhuza noyau ebyiri). Zifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutanga amashanyarazi menshi mu nganda, ariko nanone zikaba zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

 

Twibukiranije bimwe mu bigize matieres twamenye mu isomo rya chimie:

Noyau y’atome igizwe na:
– Protons: uduce dufite umuzingo w’amashanyarazi (+), zigena nimero atomique ya ’element.
– Neutrons: nta muzingo zigira, ariko zongerera noyau uburemere.
– Electrons: ziba hanze ya noyau, ntizifite uruhare rukomeye mu ngufu za nyukiliya.

Isotopes ya element runaka ni amasura atandukanye (variant) y’iyo element, aho umubare wa protons uguma ari umwe ariko  uwa neutrons ukagenda uhinduka. Ibi bituma isotope zose za element imwe zigira umubare umwe wa protons( atomic number imwe) , ariko zikagira umubare wa protons + umubare wa neutrons (mass number ) utandukanye).

–Uranium element radiactif ikoreshwa mu itanga ry’ingufu za nikreyeri

Uranium ni element yo mu muryango wa actinides izwiho kuba radioactif, bivuze ko isohora imirasire ikomeye ishobora guhindura imiterere y’ibindi bintu. Element radioactif igira ubushobozi bwo kuba yasandara (decay, desintegration) mu buryo bwihariye, ikarekura imirasire n’ingufu zishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu mashini zibyara amashanyarazi.

Mu ngufu za nyukiliya, uranium niyo rero matière ikunze gukoreshwa cyane hakifashishwa isotopes zayo 2:

– Uranium‑238 (U‑238): ni yo iboneka cyane mu butaka (99%), ifite protons 92 na neutrons 146. Ntabwo ikora fission mu buryo bworoshye, ariko ishobora gufata neutron ikavamo plutonium‑239.

– Uranium‑235 (U‑235): Iba ari nke cyane ku gipimo cya 0.7 %, ikaba  ifite protons 92 na neutrons 143, ikora fission neza cyane, ikarekura ingufu nyinshi.

2.Itunganywa rya Uranium

Uranium iboneka mu butaka mu buryo bwa ore (amabuye ya uranium), ikaba igizwe ahanini na U‑238 hamwe na U‑235 ku kigero gito cyane. Mu rwego rwo kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu nganda cyangwa mu ntwaro, ikenera inzira ndende yo kuyitunganya no kuyikungahaza.

1. Gucukura no gutunganya uranium by’ibanze
– Ibirombe bya Uranium rbicukurwamo amabuye yitwa uranium ore. Uranium ore igice kinini cyayo kigizwe na uraninite (UO2) ninayo ikungahaye kuri uranium. Mu bindi bice biyigize harimo pitchblende, coffinite n’izindi.

– Ayo mabuye atunganywa agahindurwa mu ifu yitwa yellowcake (U₃O₈), ari yo shingiro ry’itunganywa rya uranium. Iyi fu niyo ibihugu bicukura uranium byohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga,

2. Ikungahazwa rya uranium ( enrichissement )

Ikungahazwa rya uranium (enrichment) ni inzira igamije kongera igipimo cya isotope ya U‑235 mu buryo bwo kuyitandukanya na U‑238. Nk’uko twabonye, mu butaka uranium iboneka cyane ari U‑238 (99%) mu gihe U‑235 ari gike cyane (hafi 0.7%). Nyamara U‑235 ni yo ikora fission neza, ikarekura ingufu nyinshi.

 Intego y’Ikungahaza

– Kongera igipimo cya U‑235 kugira ngo uranium ibashe gukoreshwa mu nganda z’amashanyarazi, mu bikorwa byitwa ibya gisivili, . Iki gipimo kigezwa hagati ya 3 na 5% ( LEU: Low Enriched Uranium).
– Iyo ikungahajwe ku gipimo cyo hejuru, hafi 90%(HEU: High Enriched Uranium), igamije gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Uko ikungahaza rikorwa

1.  Ihindurwa rya  yellowcake mo UF₆
– Yellowcake (U₃O₈) ihindurwa mu gaz yitwa uranium hexafluoride (UF₆), yoroshye gutunganywa mu mashini.

2. Centrifuge ya UF6
– UF₆ ishyirwa mu mashini za centrifuge zikayizungurutsa ku muvuduko mwinshi.
– Kubera itandukaniro rito mu buremere bwa U‑235 na U‑238, centrifuge ituma U‑235 igenda yitandukanya buhoro buhoro, kugeza ku kigero cyifuzwa.

3. Cascade system
Cascade system mu itunganya rya uranium ni uburyo bwo guhuza centrifuges nyinshi mu byiciro bitandukanye kugira ngo zishobore kongera urwego rwa U‑235 mu buryo buhagije. Ibi bikenewe kuko centrifuge imwe idashobora kugera ku gipimo gikenewe, bityo guhuza nyinshi mu murongo (cascade) ni bwo bitanga umusaruro.

 

 

– Nyuma y’iyi nzira ndende, uranium iba ikungahajwe ku gipimo gishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu ntwaro.

3.Ibyarwa ry’Ingufu za nikreyeri n’icurwa ry’intwaro za Kirimbuzi

Reactor ya nyukiliya nicyo gikoresho  gikomeye cyifashishwa mu ikorwa ry’ingufu z’amashanayarazi ya nikreyeri no mu icurwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi kuko niyo ibamo  byose bikora fission reaction.

Mu mutima wa reactor, uranium ikungahajwe ishyirwa ahantu hagenzurwa. Iyo ikubiswe na neutron, atome yayo iratandukana ikarekura ubushyuhe bukomeye.

– Mu nganda z’amashanyarazi: buri fission imwe ikora ingufu zingana hafi na 200 MeV. Iyo ibi bibaye ku bwinshi, ubushyuhe bukururwa n’amazi bugahindurwa umwuka ufite ikugero kinini, ugashobora kugera ku 250–300°C mu reactors zisanzwe. Uwo mwuka utuma turbines zikora, bigatanga amashanyarazi menshi kandi ahamye.

– Mu ntwaro za kirimbuzi: fission ibera mu buryo bwihuse cyane, aho uranium ikungahajwe cyane (HEU) igera ku rugero ruyitera guturika. Ibi bituma habaho explosion ikomeye cyane, ishobora kurekura ingufu zingana na miliyari nyinshi za MeV mu segonda imwe, bikaba ari byo bituma intwaro za kirimbuzi zifite imbaraga zidasanzwe.

 

4.Ihindurwa rya U‑238 mo Plutonium n’Ikoreshwa ryayo mu icurwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi

Mu gihe uranium ikungahajwe ishyizwe muri reactor, hari igice kinini cyayo kigizwe na isotope U‑238 kidakora fission byoroshye. Ariko iyo gifashe neutron, gihinduka mu buryo bwihuse, kikavamo plutonium‑239, nayo ishobora gutandukana ikarekura ubushyuhe bukomeye.

– Mu nganda zisanzwe: iyo plutonium ivutse muri reactor ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu gutanga ingufu, ivangwa na uranium mu buryo bwitwa MOX fuel.
– Mu ntwaro za kirimbuzi: plutonium‑239 ikungahajwe cyane ishobora kugera ku rugero ruyitera guturika. Iyo ibitswe neza mu buryo bwihariye, ikoreshwa mu ntwaro zifite imbaraga zikomeye cyane, kuko fission yayo ibera mu buryo bwihuse kandi butangenzurwa.

5. Amasezerano mpuzamahanga ku itunganywa rya Uranium n’igenzurwa ryayo

Ingufu za nyukiliya zigira uruhare rukomeye mu kubyara amashanyarazi, ariko nanone zishobora gukoreshwa mu ntwaro za kirimbuzi. Ni yo mpamvu habaho igenzurwa rikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga, rikurikiranwa n’inzego nka IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) ndetse n’amasezerano nka NPT (Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons) agamije kubuza gukwirakwiza intwaro za kirimbuzi no guteza imbere ikoreshwa rya nyukiliya mu mahoro.

Ariko igenzurwa rihura n’imbogamizi: hari ibihugu bikora ibikorwa bya nyukiliya mu buryo bidasobanura neza cyangwa bikagerageza guca murihumye abagenzura. Iran ikunze gushinjwa gukungahaza uranium kurenza igipimo cyemewe, bigatera impaka hagati yayo n’ibihugu bikomeye. Koreya ya Ruguru yo yagiye ikoresha plutonium mu bikorwa byayo, ndetse ikora igerageza ry’intwaro za nyukiliya nubwo yavuye mu masezerano ya NPT.

Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko kugenzura plutonium bitoroshye, kuko ikora fission mu buryo bworoshye kandi ikaba igikoresho gikomeye mu ntwaro. Kugenzura ingano yayo n’aho ikorerwa biragoye, bigatuma igenzurwa rihora rihanganye n’imbogamizi z’ubwiru n’ubusugire bw’ibihugu.

Bityo, nubwo IAEA na NPT bigamije gukumira ikoreshwa rya nyukiliya mu ntwaro, ibibazo bivuka mu bihugu nka Iran na Koreya ya Ruguru bigaragaza ko hakiri inzitizi zikomeye mu gushyira mu bikorwa ayo masezerano.

Twifashishije: wikipedia.org, na  https://cpdp.debatpublic.fr