Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku icukurwa n’itunganywa rya peteroli ikomeje gutumbagizwa mu biciro kubera ibibera mu burasirazuba bwo hagati
Ikibazo cy’itumbagira ry’ibiciro byibikomaoka kuri peteroli gikomeje guhanganyaikisha abatuye Isi ariko cyane cyane abagezwaho iki gicuruzwa n’amato anyura mu muyoboro wa Hormoz.
Uyu ni umuyoboro unyuzwamo hafi 20% bya petrole yose icuruzwa ku Isi ya Rurema ariko kuri ubu ukaba ukomeje gufungwa kubera intambara ikomeje Kubica bigacika hagati ya Iran n’ibihugu by’Amerika na Israel.
Ibi nibyo byatumye Virunga Today ihitamo guha amakuru y’ingenzi kuri iki gicuruzwa gikuzwe kwitwa zahabu y’umukara, ku bijyanye n’icukurwa, itunganywa ryayo ndetse no ku bijyanye n’uburyo kigezwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ku buryo ihungabana na kimwe kuri kimwe muri ibi bikorwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga bigira ingaruka ku batuye Isi yose.
Petrole ni ki ?
Petrole ni amavuta kamere (crude oil) aboneka mu butaka cyangwa mu nyanja, akenshi ari uruvange rwa za hydrocarbons (ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku karubone n’hydrogène). Ikaba ari fossil fuel, bivuze ko ikomoka ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera (nk’ibimera, algae, na plankton) byashyinguwe mu butaka imyaka miliyoni nyinshi. Ibyo bisigazwa byagiye bihinduka buhoro buhoro binyuze mu buryo bwitwa anaerobic decay, ari bwo kubora kw’ibinyabuzima mu mwuka udafite oxygen. Mu gihe kirekire, ibyo bisigazwa byahindutse ibinyabutabire bikomeye bigize petrole.
Petrole ni isoko y’ingufu y’ingenzi ku Isi, kuko ivamo lisansi, mazutu, kerosene n’ibindi bicuruzwa bikoresha inganda, imodoka, indege, ndetse n’ibikoresho bya buri munsi nk’amaplastiki. Ni yo mpamvu petrole ifatwa nk’umutungo kamere w’ingenzi cyane mu bukungu bw’isi. Ijambo petroleum rikomoka ku magambo ya Kilatini petra (ibuye) na oleum (amavuta), risobanura “amavuta y’ibuye.”
Petrole ikunze kuboneka cyane mu bice by’Uburasirazuba bwo hagati (Middle East), Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, na Siberia, kuko ari ho habaye ishyingurwa ry’ibisigazwa ry’ibinyabuzima mu gihe cya kera, bikabasha kubika ibinyabuzima byinshi byahindutse amavuta kamere.
Imirimo yo gucukura Petrole
-1.Gucukura (Drilling):
Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwerekana aho petrole ibitse, hakoreshwa imashini zicukura (drill rigs) ku butaka cyangwa ku nyanja. Izi mashini zicukura umwobo muremure ugana mu mabuye abitse amavuta (reservoir rocks).
– Mu gihe icukurwa rigenda riijya imbere, hashyirwamo ibyuma bikomeza umwobo (casing) kugira ngo udasenyuka, ndetse hakongerwamo imiyoboro (tubing) izamura amavuta.
Akazi k’imashini karangira habonetse iriba rya petrole (oil well), ari wo mwobo wuzuye wacukuwe kugeza ku mabuye abitse amavuta.Iriba rya petrole riba rifite impuzandengo y’uburebure bwa 1,000–2,500 m ariko rimwe na rimwe rishobora kugera kure cyane mu nyanja.
Muri make Iriba riba rifite ibikoresho bikomeye: aribyo – Casing: ibyuma bikomeza umwobo,– Tubing: imiyoboro izamura amavuta.
– Pump systems: imashini zizamura petrole hejuru. Kugira ngo amavuta azamurwe hakoreshwa igitutu cy’amabuye ( presssion) cyangwa pumps zifasha kuyizamura.
Petrole ivanwa muri iriba ni uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire (hydrocarbons) rugizwe ahanini na karubone (C) n’hydrogène (H), bigize hafi 85–90% byayo. Ifite amoko atandukanye: – Paraffins (alkanes): CnH2n+2 (urugero: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8). – Naphthenes (cycloalkanes): CnH2n (urugero: cyclopentane C5H10, cyclohexane C6H12). – Aromatics: C6H6 (benzene) n’ibindi bifite impeta zikarubone. Hari kandi utuvange duto twa sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), ndetse na metali nka nickel (Ni) na vanadium (V).