Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku icukurwa n’itunganywa rya peteroli ikomeje gutumbagizwa mu biciro kubera ibibera mu burasirazuba bwo hagati

Ikibazo cy’itumbagira ry’ibiciro ry’ibikomoka kuri peteroli gikomeje guhanganyaikisha abatuye Isi ariko cyane cyane, abagezwaho ibi bicuruzwa n’amato anyura mu muyoboro wa Hormoz uherereye mu burasirazuba bwo hagati.

Uyu ni umuyoboro unyuzwamo hafi 20% bya petrole yose icuruzwa kuri Isi ya Rurema ariko kuri ubu ukaba ukomeje gufungwa kubera intambara ikomeje Kubica bigacika hagati ya Iran n’ibihugu by’Amerika na Israel.

Ibi nibyo byatumye Virunga Today ihitamo guha abasomyi bayo, amakuru y’ingenzi kuri iki gicuruzwa gikuzwe kwitwa zahabu y’umukara, ku bijyanye n’icukurwa, itunganywa byayo ndetse no ku bijyanye n’uburyo kigezwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga, ku buryo ihungabana rya kimwe muri ibi bikorwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga, bigira ingaruka ku batuye Isi yose.

Petrole ni ki ?

Petrole ni amavuta kamere (crude oil) aboneka mu butaka cyangwa mu nyanja, akenshi aba ari  uruvange rwa za  hydrocarbons (ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku karubone na hydrogène). Ikaba ari fossil fuel, bivuze ko ikomoka ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima bya kera (nk’ibimera, algae, na plankton) byashyinguwe mu butaka imyaka miliyoni nyinshi ( hagati y’imyaka 20-350).

Ibyo bisigazwa byagiye bihinduka buhoro buhoro binyuze mu buryo bwitwa anaerobic decay, ni ukuvuga kubora cyangwa gushanguka kw’ibinyabuzima bibera ahantu hatari umwuka wa oxygen. Muri icyo gihe kirekire, ibyo bisigazwa byahindutse ibinyabutabire bikomeye bigize petrole.

Petrole ni isoko y’ingufu y’ingenzi ku Isi, kuko ivamo lisansi, mazutu, kerosene n’ibindi bicuruzwa bikoreshwa mu nganda, imodoka, indege, ndetse n’ibikoresho bya buri munsi nk’amaplastiki. Ni yo mpamvu petrole ifatwa nk’umutungo kamere w’ingenzi cyane mu bukungu bw’isi.

Ijambo petroleum rikomoka ku magambo ya Kilatini petra (ibuye) na oleum (amavuta), risobanura “amavuta y’ibuye.”

Petrole ikunze kuboneka cyane mu bice by’Uburasirazuba bwo hagati (Middle East), Amerika y’Amajyaruguru, na Siberia, kuko ari ho habaye ishyingurwa ry’ibisigazwa ry’ibinyabuzima mu gihe cya kera, bikabasha kubika ibinyabuzima byinshi byahindutse amavuta kamere.

 

 

 Imirimo yo gucukura no gutunganya Petrole

-1.Gucukura (Drilling):

Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwerekana aho petrole ibitse, hakoreshwa imashini zicukura (drill rigs) ku butaka cyangwa ku nyanja. Izi mashini zicukura umwobo muremure ugana mu mabuye abitse amavuta (reservoir rocks).
– Mu gihe icukurwa rigenda riijya imbere, hashyirwamo ibyuma bikomeza umwobo (casing) kugira ngo udasenyuka, ndetse hakongerwamo imiyoboro (tubing) izamura amavuta.

Akazi k’imashini karangira habonetse iriba rya petrole (oil well), ari wo mwobo wuzuye wacukuwe kugeza ku mabuye abitse amavuta.Iriba rya petrole riba rifite  impuzandengo y’uburebure bwa 1,000–2,500 m  ariko rimwe na rimwe rishobora kugera kure cyane mu nyanja.

Muri make Iriba riba rifite ibikoresho bikomeye: aribyo – Casing: ibyuma bikomeza umwobo,– Tubing: imiyoboro izamura amavuta.
– Pump systems: imashini zizamura petrole hejuru. Kugira ngo amavuta azamurwe hakoreshwa  igitutu cy’amabuye ( presssion)  cyangwa pumps zifasha kuyizamura.

Petrole ivanwa muri iriba ni uruvange rw’ibinyabutabire (hydrocarbons) rugizwe ahanini na karubone (C) n’hydrogène (H), bigize hafi 85–90% byayo.

Ibi binyabutabire ni
1.- Paraffins (alkanes): CnH2n+2 (urugero: methane CH4, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8).
2.- Naphthenes (cycloalkanes): CnH2n (urugero: cyclopentane C5H10, cyclohexane C6H12). –
3. Aromatics: C6H6 (benzene) n’ibindi bifite uruhererekane rwa karbon.
Uretse izi hydrocarbures petrole kandi iba ifite imvange ya sulfure (S), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), ndetse na metali nka nickel (Ni) na vanadium (V), byose ku kigero gito.

Icyitonderwa

Ubucukuzi bwa Petrole bushobora gukorerwa:

– Ku Butaka ( Onshore Drilling): Ubu bucukuzi bukorerwa ku butaka, ahantu hagerwaho n’imihanda n’ibikoresho ku buryo bworoshye. Ikiguzi cyabwo gikunze kuba gito ugereranyije n’ubwo mu nyanja, kandi byoroshye kugenzura no gutwara peteroli.

-Mu Nyanja (Offshore Drilling)
Ni Ubucukuzi bukorerwa mu nyanja hifashishijwe platforms zubatswe hejuru y’amazi. Ikiguzi cyabwo gihenze cyane kubera ikoranabuhanga rikomeye rikenerwa, ariko akenshi haboneka petrole nyinshi.

2. Urugendo rwa peteroli nyuma yo gucukurwa na mbere yo kuyungururwa.

1. Kuyungurura by’ibanze (Primary separation),Petrole ivanze n’amazi,gaz n’umucanga ikurwamo aya mazi, gaz n’umucanga

2.Kubika :  Petrole yoherezwa  biba biri biba hafi y’aho bucukuzi bukorerwa cyangwa ku nkombe z’inyanja. Byubakwa mu buryo bwihariye kugira ngo birinde kumeneka cyangwa kwanduza ibidukikije kandi bifite uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko.

3. Itwarwa:- Hakoreshwa  ibitembo binini (Pipelines, Oleoducs) )  mu kuvana petrole aho yacukuwe ikagezwa mu bigega cyangwa mu nganda. Pipelines ni uburyo bwizewe kandi bwihuse bwo gutwara peteroli mu ntera ndende.

-Oil tankers (Amato manini): Iyo ubucukuzi buri ku nyanja cyangwa hafi yayo, peteroli ibikwa mu bigega by’amato manini, aya mato ninayo ayivana aho akayijyana mu nganda ziyitunganya.

3.Iyungururwa rya petrole, raffinage

Raffinage ni imirimo ikorwa mu nganda zitunganya peteroli (raffinerie) igamije guhindura peteroli idatunganyijwe (crude oil) mo ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro n’akamaro mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Raffinage itanga -1. Lisansi (Gasoline) ku modoka nto, 2.Mazutu (Diesel): imodoka nini, imashini.
3.Kerosene: indege, ingo zimwe.
4. LPG: guteka mu ngo.
5. Bitumen: kubaka imihanda.
6. Petrochemicals: plastiki, imiti, ibikoresho by’inganda.

Dore uburyo bukoreshwa mu raffinerie hamwe n’ibivamo muri buri cyiciro:

1. Distillation (Fractional Distillation): – Peteroli ishyushywa mu nzu ndende yitwa distillation column, – Ibice bigize peteroli bitandukanywa hakurikijwe ubushyuhe bikenera kugira ngo bihinduke umwuka.
– Ibivamo:
– Hejuru: LPG (gazi yo guteka)
– Hagati: Lisansi (gasoline)
– Hasi gato: Mazutu (diesel)
– Hasi cyane: Bitumen (ikoreshwa mu kubaka imihanda)

2. Cracking :- Ibice bikomeye nk’mazutu bishyushywa cyane cyangwa bikanyuzwa mu bikoresho byihariye kugira ngo bivemo ibice bito byoroheje.
– Ibivamo: Lisansi nyinshi, gazi zifasha mu nganda, ndetse n’ibindi bice byoroheje.

Aho distillation itandukanira na cracking nuko ibikomoka kuri distillation biba  bifite isuku n’ubuziranenge bwisumbuye, ariko ibikomoka kuri cracking bifite agaciro mu ngufu n’inganda kuko bitanga essence nyinshi n’ibikoresho by’ibanze bya plastiki. Distillation ni inzira yo gutandukanya, naho cracking ni inzira yo guhindura.

3. Reforming

Reforming ya peteroli ni inzira ikoreshwa mu kongera ubuziranenge n’agaciro k’ibikomoka kuri peteroli, cyane cyane mu kongera octane number ya essence no gukora ibikoresho by’ibanze by’inganda nka benzene, toluene na xylene. Itandukanye na distillation (gutandukanya) na cracking (gucamo), kuko yo ari inzira yo guhindura imiterere y’imyubakire ( structure moleculaire) ya hydrocarbons.

4. Treating (Purification)
– Ni inzira yo gusukura peteroli ikurwamo imyanda nko sulfur cyangwa ibindi bintu byangiza ibidukikije.
– Ibivamo: Ibicuruzwa byiza ku bidukikije, mazutu na lisansi zidatanga imyuka mibi cyane.

4.Ahashyirwa raffinerie

Muri rusange, raffinerie (inganda zitunganya peteroli) ntizubakwa buri gihe aho peteroli icukurwa; zishyirwa ahantu hateguwe neza ku mpamvu z’ubukungu, ubwikorezi, n’umutekano.

Raffinerie hafi y’ahacukurwa petrole

Mu bihugu bifite peteroli nyinshi (nko muri Saudi Arabia, Iran, Nigeria), hari raffinerie zubakwa hafi y’ahacukurirwa kugira ngo bigabanye ikiguzi cyo gutwara peteroli idatunganyijwe.

Raffinerie kure y’ahacukurwa petrole

Mu bihugu bimwe, peteroli iracukurwa igatwarwa mu bindi bihugu bifite inganda ziyitunganya (nko mu bihugu byinshi bya Afurika).
Urugero: Angola icukura peteroli nyinshi ariko igice kinini cyayo gitunganyirizwa mu Bushinwa cyangwa mu Burayi.

Impamvu raffinerie zishyirwa ahandi
1.- Ubwikorezi n’ubucuruzi: Raffinerie zubakwa hafi y’amasoko manini (nko ku nkombe z’inyanja, mu bihugu bikoresha peteroli nyinshi) kugira ngo byorohere gutwara ibikomoka kuri peteroli.

2- Ikoranabuhanga n’amikoro: Kubaka raffinerie bisaba ikoranabuhanga rikomeye n’amafaranga menshi; bihugu bimwe bifite peteroli ariko bikabura ubushobozi bwo kubaka inganda.

3- Umutekano n’ibidukikije: Hari aho raffinerie zishyirwa kure y’ahacukurirwa kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka ku bidukikije cyangwa ku baturage.

Kubika no gutwara ibikomoka kuri petrole

Nyuma yo gutunganya peteroli mu raffinerie, hakurikiraho igice cyo kubika no gutwara kugira ngo ibicuruzwa bigere ku masoko.

Kubika (Storage)
1- Bigega binini (storage tanks):
Ibikomoka kuri peteroli bibikwa mu bigega byabugenewe, bifite uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe n’umuvuduko.
2.- Terminales:
Ni ahantu hateguwe ku nkombe z’inyanja cyangwa ku butaka aho peteroli ibikwa mbere yo gutwarwa mu bindi bihugu cyangwa mu masoko.
Ibika ry’ibikomoka kuri petrole  risaba  kugenzura neza kugira ngo hirindwe kumeneka no kwanduza ibidukikije.

Gutwara (Transport)
1- Pipelines:
Ni imipira minini itwara peteroli cyangwa ibikomoka kuri yo mu ntera ndende, ikaba ari uburyo bwihuse kandi bwizewe.
2- Amato manini (oil tankers):
Akoreshwa cyane mu gutwara ibikomoka kuri petrole mu nyanja, cyane cyane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga.

 

Twifashishije: britannica.com na iea.org