Byinshi wamenya ku itunganywa ry’ubutare bwa Uranium, hakaboneka ingufu z’amashanyarazi cyangwa intwaro za kirimbuzi

Mu gihe isi ikomeje gushakisha ingufu zizewe kandi zidahumanya ikirere, ingufu za nikereyeri ( energie nucleaire)  zikomeje gufatwa nk’imwe mu nzira zifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi ahagije ku bihugu byinshi by’uyu mubumbe.

Ariko nanone, izi ngufu zifite impande ebyiri: zishobora kuba isoko y’iterambere ry’ubukungu mu gihe zikoreshejwe mu gutanga ingufu, cyangwa zikaba intandaro y’impungenge ku mutekano mpuzamahanga igihe zikoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Ni muri urwo rwego twahisemo gutegura iyi nkuru: kugira ngo dusobanure neza uko uranium itunganywa, uburyo ishobora gutanga amashanyarazi cyangwa intwaro, ndetse n’ingaruka zayo ku mutekano w’isi.

Iran ni urugero rufatika rwerekana uko gahunda ya nikereyeri  ishobora kuvamo impaka zikomeye.

Gahunda yayo yo gutunganya uranium yatangiye mu myaka ya 1950 ifashijwe n’ibihugu by’iburengerazuba bw’Isi, ikaba rugikubita byaremezwaga ko igamije guteza imbere ingufu z’amashanyarazi. Nyuma y’ihinduka rikomeye muri politiki y’iki gihugu mu mwaka wa 1979 ( ubwo habaga impinduramatwara ya kislamu yimitse ubutegetsi bwa ba mollahs) , iyi gahunda  yahindutse ikibazo gikomeye ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu byinshi byatangiye gukemanga intego nyayo za Tehran, bikibaza niba itagamijea gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.Kugeza naho mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa Gashyantare 2026, ibihugu by’Amerika na Israel bihisemo kugaba ibitero simusiga kuri Iran bigamije kuburizamo uyu mugambi w’ikorwa ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Isotopes 2 za uranium isoko y’ingufu za nikleyeri

Ingufu za nyukiliya ni ingufu zituruka mu gutandukana cyangwa mu guhuza atome, bikaboneka mu buryo bwa fission (gutandukana kwa noyau y’atome) cyangwa fusion (guhuza noyau ebyiri). Zifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutanga amashanyarazi menshi mu nganda, ariko nanone zikaba zishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

 

Twibukiranije bimwe mu bigize matieres twamenye mu isomo rya chimie:

Noyau y’atome igizwe na:
– Protons: uduce dufite umuzingo w’amashanyarazi (+), zigena nimero atomique ya ’element.
– Neutrons: nta muzingo zigira, ariko zongerera noyau uburemere.
– Electrons: ziba hanze ya noyau, ntizifite uruhare rukomeye mu ngufu za nyukiliya.

Isotopes ya element runaka ni amasura atandukanye (variant) y’iyo element, aho umubare wa protons uguma ari umwe ariko  uwa neutrons ukagenda uhinduka. Ibi bituma isotope zose za element imwe zigira umubare umwe wa protons( atomic number imwe) , ariko zikagira umubare wa protons + umubare wa neutrons (mass number ) utandukanye).

Mu ngufu za nyukiliya, uranium ni yo matière ikunze gukoreshwa cyane hakifashishwa isotopes zayo 2:

– Uranium‑238 (U‑238): ni yo iboneka cyane mu butaka (99%), ifite protons 92 na neutrons 146. Ntabwo ikora fission mu buryo bworoshye, ariko ishobora gufata neutron ikavamo plutonium‑239.

– Uranium‑235 (U‑235): Iba ari nke cyane ku gipimo cya 0.7 %, ikaba  ifite protons 92 na neutrons 143, ikora fission neza cyane, ikarekura ingufu nyinshi.

Itunganywa rya Uranium

Uranium iboneka mu butaka mu buryo bwa ore (amabuye ya uranium), ikaba igizwe ahanini na U‑238 hamwe na U‑235 ku kigero gito cyane. Mu rwego rwo kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu nganda cyangwa mu ntwaro, ikenera inzira ndende yo kuyitunganya no kuyikungahaza.

1. Gucukura no gutunganya uranium by’ibanze
– Ibirombe bya Uranium rbicukurwamo amabuye yitwa uranium ore. Uranium ore igice kinini cyayo kigizwe na uraninite (UO2) ninayo ikungahaye kuri uranium. Mu bindi bice biyigize harimo pitchblende, coffinite n’izindi.

– Ayo mabuye atunganywa agahindurwa mu ifu yitwa yellowcake (U₃O₈), ari yo shingiro ry’itunganywa rya uranium. Iyi fu niyo ibihugu bicukura uranium byohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga,

2. Ikungahazwa rya uranium ( enrichissement )

Ikungahazwa rya uranium (enrichment) ni inzira igamije kongera igipimo cya isotope ya U‑235 mu buryo bwo kuyitandukanya na U‑238. Nk’uko twabonye, mu butaka uranium iboneka cyane ari U‑238 (99%) mu gihe U‑235 ari gike cyane (hafi 0.7%). Nyamara U‑235 ni yo ikora fission neza, ikarekura ingufu nyinshi.

 Intego y’Ikungahaza

– Kongera igipimo cya U‑235 kugira ngo uranium ibashe gukoreshwa mu nganda z’amashanyarazi, mu bikorwa byitwa ibya gisivili, . Iki gipimo kigezwa hagati ya 3 na 5% ( LEU: Low Enriched Uranium).
– Iyo ikungahajwe ku gipimo cyo hejuru (HEU: High Enriched Uranium – hafi 90%), igamije gukora intwaro za kirimbuzi.

Uko ikungahaza rikorwa

1.  Ihindurwa rya  yellowcake mo UF₆
– Yellowcake (U₃O₈) ihindurwa mu gaz yitwa uranium hexafluoride (UF₆), yoroshye gutunganywa mu mashini.

2. Centrifuge ya UF6
– UF₆ ishyirwa mu mashini za centrifuge zikayizungurutsa ku muvuduko mwinshi.
– Kubera itandukaniro rito mu buremere bwa U‑235 na U‑238, centrifuge ituma U‑235 igenda yitandukanya buhoro buhoro, kugeza ku kigero cyifuzwa.

3. Cascade system
– Centrifuge nyinshi zihuza mu murongo (cascade), buri imwe ikongera igipimo cya U‑235 gike gike.
– Nyuma y’iyi nzira ndende, uranium iba ikungahajwe ku gipimo gishobora gukoreshwa mu nganda cyangwa mu ntwaro.