Iby’ingenzi wamenya ku misemburo, hormones, ibinyabutabire bitanga amabwiriza y’ingenzi ku mikorere y’umubiri wacu

Zigenzura uko dusinzira, zigahindura uko twiyumva mu kanya gato, zigatera urukundo rutunguranye ndetse zigatuma umubiri wacu ubona uko  ubyitwaramo mu gihe cy’akaga.  Nyamara ntituzibona n’amaso. Zitigaragaje, ntawe uzica iryera, izi molekule  ni zo zishyiraho amategeko kandi zigahuza imikorere y’umubiri wose. Yaba  ari stress buri wese ashobora kugira  ku kazi, inzara twagira  cyangwa gukura kwa buri gihe, twese tuyoborwa n’ibi binyabutabire bidasanzwe. Birahagije gusa ko habaho ubusumbane buto mu misemburo kugira ngo ubuzima bwacu buhinduke mu buryo butunguranye.

 1. Imisemburo ni ki ?

Imisemburo (hormones) ni ibinyabutabire ( molecules)  bikorerwa mu mvubura z’umubiri ( glandes), bigakwirakwizwa mu maraso kugira ngo bigere ku bice bitandukanye by’umubiri,  bigatanga ubutumwa n’amabwiriza by’ingenzi bifasha mu mikorere myiza y’umubiri.

2.Imikorere y’imisemburo

Imisemburo ikora nk’abayobozi b’itumanaho mu mubiri. Reka turebe inzira z’igikorwa cy’igenzura cyangwa cyo gutanga amabwiriza Gikorwa n’imisemburo.

Intambwe ya mbere: Uko imisemburo ikorwa

Umubiri wacu ufite ubwonko  bukora nk’umuyobozi mukuru. Igice cy’ubwonko kitwa hypothalamus ni cyo gikora nk’umuyobozi ugenzura ibibera mu mubiri. Iyo habaye impinduka  nko kuzamuka ku isukari mu maraso, guhinduka k’ubushyuhe, cyangwa stress, hypothalamus irabibona ikohereza ubutumwa ngo hakemurwe ibibazo byavutse.

Ubutumwa butangwa bugera kuri mvubura yitwa pituitary gland (hypophyse), iherereye mu gice cyo hasi cy’ubwonko, munsi ya hypothalamus.

Pituitary ni nk’umunyamabanga ukwirakwiza amabwiriza: iyo ibonye ubutumwa, ibwira izindi mvubura (glands) z’umubiri gukora imisemburo ikenewe.

Mu mvugo yoroshye Hypothalamus ni umuyobozi mukuru ubona impinduka mu mubiri igatanga amabwiriza y’igikwiye gukorwa Pituitary gland iherereye munsi ya hypothalamus, yo ni umunyamabanga ukwirakwiza amabwiriza.

Izindi mvubura: Ni abakozi nyirizina bakora imisemburo.Urugero: iyo isukari mu maraso izamutse, hypothalamus ibibona → pituitary igatanga amabwiriza → pancreas ikora insuline kugira ngo igabanye isukari.

Icyitonderwa

Imisemburo (hormones) ikorwa n’imvubura z’umubiri, ariko si ngombwa ko hypothalamus itanga amabwiriza buri gihe. Hari imisemburo ihora mu bubiko (stored hormones). Iyi misemburo ikorwa mbere ikabikwa mu mvubura kugira ngo izakoreshwe igihe ikenewe. Urugero ni insuline ibikwa muri pancreas; iyo isukari mu maraso izamutse, pancreas ihita iyirekura mu maraso bitabaye ngombwa ko hypothalamus yohereza amabwiriza mashya. Adrenaline ibikwa mu adrenal glands, ikarekurwa vuba cyane mu gihe umuntu afite ubwoba cyangwa ari mu bihe bisaba kwitabara. Ibi bituma umubiri ushobora kwihutira gusubiza impinduka (response rapide) nko mu gihe cy’ubwoba, inzara, cyangwa stress, utarinze gutegereza amabwiriza mashya y’ubwonko.

Étape ya 2: Iyoherezwa mu maraso (Transportation) no  kwihuza n’inyakira( reseptor)

Nyuma y’uko imisemburo  ikorewe mu mvubura, ikurikira inzira yo gutembera mu maraso. Aha ni ho ikwirakwizwa mu mubiri wose kugira ngo igere ku bice bigomba kugenzurwa.

Uko bkorwa Hormone isohoka mu mvubura ikinjira mu maraso.Mu maraso, ishobora kugenda yonyine cyangwa ifatanye na proteine zitwara (carrier proteins) kugira ngo igere kure.

Nubwo ikwirakwizwa mu mubiri wose, hormone ikora gusa ku kanyangingo ( cell) gifite reseptor yayo. Reseptor ni igice cy’utunyangingo  cyakira hormone. Ni nk’urugi rufungurwa n’urufunguzo: hormone ni urufunguzo, reseptor ni urugi.
Iyo hormone ihuye na reseptor yayo, ubutumwa bwayo bwemererwa kwinjira mu kanyangingo. Urugero rufatika ni urwa nsuline. ikorwa na pancreas, igahita ijya mu maraso.Igera mu tunyangingo   tw’imikaya n’uruhu dufite reseptor yayo. Iyo ihuye na reseptor, yinjira muri utu tunyangingo.

Niba reseptor idahari cyangwa idakora neza, hormone iba iri mu maraso, ntishobora kwinjira mu kanyangingo , nta n’igikorwa ishobora gutangiza. Urugero ku bijyanye na na diyabete yo mu bwoko bwa 2, Pancréas ikora insuline, ariko récepteurs ku  tunyangingo tw’imikaya  ntizakire neza insuline. Ibi bituma glucose iguma mu maraso, hakabaho hyperglycémie. Bivuze ko Umubiri ushobora gukora insuline nyinshi ariko ntacyo imara.

 

Étape ya 3: Gutanga igisubizo (Cellular Response)

Nyuma y’uko hormone ihuye na reseptor ku kanyangingo, ako kanyangingo gatangira gukora igikorwa cyihariye. Ibi ni byo bita mu Cyongereza “Cellular Response” cyangwa “hormone activation”.

Koko rero iyo hormone imaze kwihuza na reseptor iri ku ngingo (cellule cible), hatangira inzira y’itumanaho ry’imbere mu cellule. Ubutumwa bwa hormone buhindurwa mu butumwa bw’imbere (signalisation interne), bigatera igisubizo cyihariye.

Hari inzira ebyiri z’ingenzi:

• Hormones zifata reseptor iri ku gice cy’inyuma cya cellule:Icyo gihe  ubutumwa bwo hanze bwoherezwa muri cellule imbere  binyuze mu “messagers secondaires” (nk’AMPc cyangwa calcium).
• Hormones zifata reseptor iri  muri cellule (muri cytoplasme cyangwa mu noyau) : Hormone yinjira mu cellule, igakora kuri ADN, bigatera guhinduka mu gukora cyangwa gusenya proteine.

Igisubizo gituruka kuri ubu butumwa gishobora kuba:

• Kongera cyangwa kugabanya gukora proteine,
• Gukoresha cyangwa kubika ingufu,
• Gutanga igisubizo cyihuse nk’ukunyeganyega kw’imikaya cyangwa gusohora ibindi binyabutabire.

 

Etape ya 4: Kugenzurwa na Feedback Loops
Iyi ni étape ya nyuma mu mikorere y’imisemburo (hormones). Nyuma y’uko hormone itanze igisubizo, umubiri ugomba kugenzura ngo urebe ko ingano yayo itarenga cyangwa itagabanutse cyane. Ibi bikorwa n’uburyo bwitwa feedback loops.Hari uburyo bubiri ibi bikorwamo.

Negative Feedback.Ni uburyo bwo guhagarika cyangwa gukomeza gukora hormone bitewe n’ingano yayo mu maraso.Iyo hormone ibaye nyinshi, umubiri wohereza ubutumwa bwo guhagarika kuyikora.Iyo igabanutse cyane, umubiri wongera kuyikora.
Urugero:Iyo thyroxine iva muri thyroid ibaye nyinshi, hypothalamus ihagarika gutanga TRH, pituitary nayo ikagabanya TSH → thyroid ihagarika gukora thyroxine.

Urugero: Glucose izamutse mu maraso (urugero: nyuma yo kurya).Pancréas ikora hormone ya insuline kugira ngo igabanye urwego rwa glucose. Iyo insuline imaze gukora akazi kayo (glucose igabanutse ikagera ku rugero rusanzwe), Pancréas ihagarika cyangwa igabanya kurekura insuline.

Positive feedback

Positive feedback ni igihe hormone imwe ivubuwe (A) ituma ivuburwa ry’iyo hormone A ryiyongera kurushaho. Uko igikorwa gikomeza, niko hormone A ikomeza kwiyongera, bigakora uruziga rufunga (loop) kugeza igihe igikorwa kirangiye.

Konsa umwana: Iyo umwana ashonje akonka nyina, iki gikorwa kibonwa n’umubiri ( stimulus visuel), maze  hypothalamus irekura oxytocine. Oxytocine ituma amabere asohora amashereka. Iyo umwana akomeje konka,  stimulus ikomeza kwiyongera maze  oxytocine nayo ikiyongera ibituma n’amashereka yiyongera ( kureta).

Icyitonderwa

• Hormone cascade ni inzira igaragaza uruhererekane rw’imisemburo aho ivuburwa ry’umusemburo umwe ritera cyangwa rikangura ivuburwa ry’undi, bigakomeza nk’uruhererekane kugeza habonetse igisubizo gikomeye mu mubiri.

 

• Hari n’igihe hormone ivubuwe ituma indi igabanuka cyangwa ihagarara ( inhibation): urugero: prolactin mu konsa igabanya FSH na LH → ovulation irahagarara).Bityo. Biyo rero muri Negative feedback hashobora kwifashishwa inhibation nk’uburyo bwo kugenzura ingano ya hormone mu maraso nk’uko twabibonye hejuru.

3.Imirimo y’imisemburo mu mubiri.

Hormones nk’ubutumwa bw’itumanaho  ry’imbere mu mubiri, bugira uruhare  mu bikorwa hafi ya byose by’ingenzi bibera mu mubiri.

Muri byo twavuga:

-Kugenzura metabolism 
Hormones zigenga uburyo umubiri ukoresha ingufu, uko ibiryo bihindurwa mo imbaraga, kandi zigafasha kugenzura ibiro.

-Kugenzura isukari n’umuvuduko w’amaraso
Zifasha kugenzura glycémie (isukari mu maraso) no tension artérielle (umuvuduko w’amaraso).

-Kugenzura imbaraga z’umubiri
Hormones zigira uruhare mu kugenzura uko ingufu zikoreshwa n’uko umubiri uhorana uburinganire bwazo.

–Kugenzura ibyo umubiri ukenera buri munsi

Hormones nka ghrelin na leptin zigenzura ibihe byo gusonza no kwijuta, naho nka melatonin ikagena igwa ahaze.Kugenzura ibihe byo gusinzira no gukanguka
Hormones nka melatonin zigena igihe cyo gusinzira, naho cortbihe byo gusinzira no gukanguka.

–Reactions ku stress n’amarangamutima: Hormones du stress nka adrénaline na cortisol zituma umubiri ujya mu bihe byo kuba maso (alerte).Zifasha kandi umubiri gusubira mu mahoro nyuma y’ibihe bikomeye.

–Uruhare mu gukura no mu mikurire ( croissance & developpement): Hormones de croissance zifasha umubiri gukura no gukomeza imikaya n’amagufwa naho hormones z’imikurire Zifasha mu guhinduka mu mikorere n’imiterere y’umubiri (qualitatif).

–Hormones sexuelles zigenga puberté, cycle menstruel, gusama, no gukora intangangabo (spermatozoïdes).

Mu magambo make Hormones ni abagenzuzi b’ingenzi mu mibereho yacu: zigenzura imbaraga, ibiro, inzara, gusinzira, amarangamutima, stress, gukura, imikurire no kororoka. Zifasha umubiri gukomeza uburinganire bw’imbere (homeostasis) no kwihutira guhinduka mu gihe hari impinduka zo hanze.

4. Iherezo ry’imisemburo

Hari inzira eshatu z’ingenzi zigaragaza uko hormone irangira akazi kayo:

-Gusenyerwa mu tunyangingo (cells)

Iyo hormone imaze kwifatanya na reseptor y’akanyangingo , ikunze kwinjizwa imbere mu kinyangingo (internalisation) hanyuma igasenyerwamo  n’enzymes ziri imbere muri cellule (nk’lysosomes).

-Metabolisme y’umwijima
Umwijima ni wo gicumbi cya kuvana uburozi mu mubiri (detoxification). Uhindura imisemburo iri mu maraso mu buryo bwa chimique (conjugaison) kugira ngo ibe  itakora kandi ishyirwe mu buryo bworohera amazi kuyisohora.

–Gusohorwa kwa nyuma
Imisemburo yahinduwe isohorwa n’impyiko mu nkari (urine) cyangwa n’umwijima binyuze mu ndurwe  bikajya mu mwanda (matières fécales).

4.Ubwoko bwa Hormones

Mu mubiri w’umuntu hamaze kumenyekana hormones zisaga 50 zikorwa n’utugingo dutandukanye, ariko abashakashatsi bavuga ko umubare ushobora kuba urenga 80 bitewe n’uko hari izindi nshya zigaragazwa mu mubiri (nk’izikorerwa mu gifu, mu bihaha, mu mutsi, mu ngingo zifite ibinure).

Ubwoko bw’ingenzi bwa hormones

Hormones zose zigabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu bikomeye:

Protein/Peptide Ni hormones ziikozwe mu ruhererekane rw’amino acids.Urugero: insulin, growth hormone, hormones z’igifu.izi hormones zikora vuba kuko zifata ku receptors zo ku gice cyose cy’inyuma cy’utunyangingo.

Steroid hormones
Zikozwe mu cholesterol.Urugero: cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone.Zinyura mu ngingo z’umubiri zigahindura imikorere y’uturemangigingo (gene expression).Zikora gahoro ariko zigira ingaruka ndende.

Amino acid–derived hormones
Zikozwe mu guhindura amino acid imwe (akenshi tyrosine).Urugero: thyroid hormones (T3, T4), adrenaline, noradrenaline.Adrenaline ikora mu masegonda, naho thyroid hormones zigenga metabolism mu gihe kirekire.

5. Ibibazo biterwa n’imikorere ya za hormones

Indwara ziterwa n’imikorere mibi ya hormones ni indwara z’imvubura z’imbere (endocrine disorders), aho hormone iba nyinshi cyane cyangwa nke cyane, bigatuma umubiri utakaza uburinganire (balance) mu mikorere.

–Diabetes ubwoko bwa 2: Iterwa n’uko insulin iba nke cyangwa umubiri ntyikoreshe neza bityo sukari mu maraso ikaguma ku gipimo cyo hejuru.

–Thyroid disorders-Hypothyroidism: Thyroid  ( hormone igenzura metabolism mu mubiri, uko ingingo zikoersha ingufu), ikora hormone nke, bigatera  umubyibuho, kunanirwa no guhora unyota.

Hyperthyroidism: thyroid. Tyroid ikora hormone nyinshi bigatuma  umutima utera vuba, hakabaho guhorana ibyuya no  gucika intege.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Ku bagore, androgens  ( hormones za kigabo, testosterone) ziyongera → imihango idasanzwe, kutabyara, umusatsi mwinshi ku mubiri.

–Adrenal disorders-Addison’s disease: cortisol ( hormone ya stress)  iba nke → kunanirwa, umuvuduko w’amaraso uri hasi, kugabanuka ku ibiro.

–Cushing’s syndrome: cortisol iba nyinshi → kubyibuha cyane, umuvuduko w’amaraso uri hejuru, guhinduka k’umubiri (moon face, buffalo hump).

-Pituitary disorders: imvubura yitwa pituitary ikora hormone nyinshi cyangwa nke → gukura cyane (gigantism), cyangwa kudakura neza (dwarfism).

–Sex hormone disorders: Estrogen, progesterone, cyangwa testosterone ziba ku rugero rutari rwo → kutabyara, guhinduka ku miterere y’umubiri, gucika intege mu gitsina.

6.Uko bita ku bafite ibibazo mu mikorere y’imisemburo

Indwara ziterwa n’imikorere mibi ya hormones bavurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye: rimwe na rimwe ni ugusimbuza hormone ibura, kuyigabanya iyo ari nyinshi, cyangwa guhindura imikorere y’imvubura z’imbere. Uburyo bwose bushingira ku kugaragaza neza ikibazo binyuze mu bipimo bya laboratwari no kugenzurwa n’inzobere mu ndwara z’imvubura (endocrinologists). Dore bumwe muri ubwo buryo:

Hormone replacement therapy: Ikoreshwa mu gihe hormone ari nke cyane (nko mu hypothyroidism cyangwa mu gihe cya menopause).Urugero: gukoresha levothyroxine (T4) mu kuvura hypothyroidism.

Hormone suppression therapy: Iyo hormone ari nyinshi cyane (nko mu hyperthyroidism cyangwa mu Cushing’s syndrome), hakoreshwa imiti igabanya cyangwa ihagarika ivuburwa ryayo.

–Insulin therapy: Mu ndwara za diabetes mellitus, insulin ikoreshwa mu gufasha umubiri kugenzura isukari mu maraso.Hari kandi uburyo bwo guhindura imirire no gukora imyitozo ngororamubiri kugira ngo inzira z’isukari zikorere neza.

-Lifestyle modification: Kugabanya ibinure n’isukari nyinshi, gukora imyitozo, kugabanya stress (kugenzura cortisol), no gusinzira neza.Ni uburyo bw’ingenzi cyane mu kuvura insulin resistance na PCOS.

–Surgical or radiotherapy options: Iyo imvubura z’imbere (nk’iyo mu thyroid) zifite ibibyimba cyangwa zikorera nabi bikabije, hakoreshwa kuzikuramo cyangwa kuzangiza burundu hakoreshejwe imirasire.

Twifashishije : wwww.futura-sciences.com na www.virgule.lu