Sobanukirwa n’imikorere ya Mutuelle d’assurances, uburyo bw’ubwisungane hagati y’abagize ishyirahamwe, hakishyurwa ibihombo cyangwa ibibazo by’ubuzima bibaye ku banyamuryango.

Mu rwego rwo kwiteza imbere ndetse no kugera ku mibereho myiza, abanyarwanda bahitamo kwibumbira mu mashyirahamwe y’ubufatanye bityo bagashobora kugera kuri ziriya ntego biyemeje mu buryo butavunanye.. Muri ayo mashyirahamwe azwi cyane ni:

-Ibibina: Ni amatsinda y’abantu biyemeza gukorera hamwe mu gikorwa runaka (nk’ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ubucuruzi, cyangwa kubitsa no kugurizanya).  Aya matsinda  akora ku rwego rw’umudugudu cyangwa urw’ akagari, kandi afasha abantu kubona inguzanyo nto  zibafasha mu gukora imishinga mito yo kwiteza imbere.

-Sacco:Ni amashyirahamwe y’imari y’abaturage bashyira hamwe bakabitsa amafaranga, bakayagurizanya. Afasha abaturage kubona inguzanyo ku nyungu nto, bakiteza  imbere bihangira  imirimo bakagura n’ubucuruzi bwabo.

-Amakoperative: Ni amashyirahamwe y’abantu bafite umurimo umwe cyangwa intego imwe (nk’abahinzi, aborozi, abacuruzi). Afasha mu guhuza imbaraga, kugura no kugurisha ku masoko manini, no kubona amahugurwa.

Uretse aya mashyirahamwe tuvuze haruguru yabaye kimenyabose mu midugdu no mu tugari two mu Rwanda, hari n’ubundi bwoko bw’amashyirahamwe butangiye nabwo kumenyekana: Ubwisungane mu bwishingizi, mituelle d’assurances mu rurimi rw’igifransa cyangwa mitual insurance mu rurimi rw’icyongereza, ni ukuvuga ishyirahamwe rishingiye ku bufatanye n’ubwitange aho abanyamuryango bishyura imisanzu kugira ngo bafashanye mu gihe habaye ikibazo.
Urugero ni urwa mituelle de santé: ubwisungane mu kwivuza ikorerwa mu rwego rw’igihugu bigizwemo uruhare na Leta.
Urundi rugero ni urw’ishyirahamwe ryiswe:” Ihuriro Ubumwe” ryashinzwe n’abakristu ba Paruwase Katedrale ya Ruhengeri kuri ubu rikaba rimaze kugira abanyamuryango bagera ku bihumbi bitatu,ubwitabire bukaba bugenda burushaho kwiyongera, bakaba bamaze kugera no ku bikorwa binini harimo kwigurira imodoka z’ubutabazi, corbillards 2.

Muri iyi nkuru turagaruka ku miterere n’imicungire ya bene aya mashyirahamwe agomba kugira imicungire yihariye,  kubera umwihariko wayo nawo tugarukaho.

I. Mutuelle d’assurances ni iki ?

Mutuelle d’assurances ni uburyo bwo kwishingira hagati y’abantu cyangwa ibigo byo mu itsinda rimwe, aho buri wese atanga umusanzu (cotisation) ugashyirwa mu kigega rusange, kikifashishwa mu kwishyura ibihombo cyangwa ibibazo by’ubuzima bibaye ku banyamuryango.

Urugero ni iriya Mutuelle twavuze ” Ihuriro Ubumwe”. Yatangiranye n’umusanzu wa 500 Frw ku munyamuryango. Iyo umunyamuryango yitabye Imana, umuryango we uhabwa ibihumbi 300 byo kwifashisha mu mihango yo umushyingura; yapfusha umuvandimwe wa hafi agahabwa ibihumbi 200; naho iyo arwaye bikomeye kwa muganga agenerwa ibihumbi 200 byo kwivuza. Ibi bigaragaza uburyo ubufatanye bw’abanyamuryango bugira akamaro mu bihe bikomeye

Mutuelle d’assurances ifasha abanyamuryango kugira icyizere mu buzima, kuko baba bazi ko bafite aho bahungira igihe habaye ikibazo gikomeye. Binyuze mu solidarité, ibihombo bikomeye bigabanywa n’abanyamuryango bose, bigatuma umuntu umwe ataremererwa n’umutwaro.

Ikindi kandi,  Mutuelle d’assurances  itanga uburyo bwo kwizigama no guteza imbere ubukungu rusange, kuko amafaranga y’ikigega ashobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa bigirira akamaro abanyamuryango bose.

Mutuelle d’assurances kandi  ntigarukira ku kwishyura ibihombo  n’ibibazo byabaho mu buzima gusa, ahubwo ishobora no kwishingira ibirori by’abanyamuryango, nk’igihe umusore arongoye agahabwa intwererano yihariye, bigaragaza ko ubufatanye bw’abanyamuryango bukora mu bihe by’ibyishimo n’ibyago.

II. Ibiranga Mutuelle d’assurances 

1. Guharanira inyungu rusange  ( sans but lucratif)

Mutuelle d’assurances  ni ishyirahamwe ry’abantu rigamije gufasha abanyamuryango baryo, rikaba ridaharanira inyungu z’abashoramari ahubwo rishingiye ku nyungu rusange z’abanyamuryango. Ibisagutse byose (excédents) biva mu misanzu cyangwa mu micungire y’ikigega ntibigabanywa nk’inyungu z’abashoramari, ahubwo bishyirwa mu bikorwa bigirira akamaro abanyamuryango bose:Kongera ubwishingizi cyangwa serivisi zitangwa, Kugabanya ingano y’imisanzu cyangwa  gukemura ibindi bibazo bijyanye n’imisanzu, gushyigikira ibikorwa by’ubutabazi n’imibereho, nko kugura ambulance cyangwa gutanga inkunga muri gahunda zijyanye n’imibereho myiza rusange.

2. Sosiyete y’abantu ( Société de personnes)

Ni sosiyete y’abantu aho abanyamuryango ari bo ba nyirayo, abishingirwa (sssurés) ari nabo ba nyiri sosiyete. Bitandukanye no muri za compagnies d’assurances  aho abishingiwe aba ari abakiriya b’abashoye imari. Bityo rero  aba bantu bihuza bagamije gufashanya hagati yabo , batagamije inyungu z’umuntu ku giti cye.

Buri munyamuryango agira uburenganzira bwo gutora, ijwi rye rikaba ringana n’irya bagenzi be cyangwa rikaba rihwanye n’umusanzu yatanze, bigatuma habaho imiyoborere myiza kandi ishingiye ku bufatanye.

3. Ubwisungane n’ubufatanye (solidarité, entraide)

Mutuelle d’assurances ishingiye ku bwisungane  no ku bufatanye. Abanyamuryango bose batanga umusanzu hamwe, ugashyirwa mu kigega rusange gifasha abahuye n’ibyago cyangwa ibihombo. Abanyamuryango bishingirwa ni na bo ba nyir’ishyirahamwe, bityo bakagira ijambo mu micungire yaryo. Intego nyamukuru si ugukora inyungu z’abantu ku giti cyabo, ahubwo ni ugutanga ubwirinzi ku banyamuryango bose mu buryo bungana. Ibi bigaragaza ko mutuelle d’assurances ari uburyo bwihariye bwo kwishingira, aho inyungu zose zigarukira ku banyamuryango, kandi imicungire yayo igamije inyungu rusange aho buri wese ahabwa uburenganzira bungana.

4. Ubwigenge mu kugena ingano y’imisanzu (Indépendance tariffaire)

Ubu bwigenge bufatwa nk’ubwisanzure mutuelle d’assurances igira  bwo kwishyiriraho  ingano y’umusanzun’uburyo bwo gutanga serivisi zishingiye ku ngorane zishobora kubaho no ku ntego z’ubuyobozi bwabyo.  Ibi ntibisaba gukurikiza igiciro cyashyizweho n’indi nzego zo hanze (nk’ubucuruzi cyangwa Leta), ahubwo bigendera ku bushake n’ubushobozi bw’abanyamuryango ariko nanone hakubahirizwa  amategeko y’ubwishingizi kugira ngo mutuelle ikomeze ibe iy’ukuri kandi yizewe.

III. Imitunganyirize ya mutuelle d’assurances

Imicungire ya mutuelle d’asurances igabanyijemo  ibyiciro bitatu: Abafata ibyemezo, abashyira mu bikorwa, n’abagenzura

1. Abafata ibyemezo (Organes de décision et de délibération)

• Inteko Rusange (Assemblée générale)

Ni urwego rukuru rufata ibyemezo byose by’ingenzi: Guhindura  amategeko-shingiro, kwemeza ingano y imisanzu, Gushyiraho  abayobozi, no kugenzura  imicungire n’imari y’umuryango. Ni yo nkingi y’ubuyobozi bw’ishyirahamwe ikaba  ishyiraho umurongo w’igihe kizaza w’ubwishingizi.

• Inama y’ubutegetsi ( Conseil d’administration)

Ni urwego rukuru ruyobora buri munsi ishyirahamwe : Rushyira  mu bikorwa ibyemezo by’Inteko Rusange ,ruyobora politiki rusange, rukagenzura imikorere rurengera inyungu z’abanyamuryango, kandi rukanagenzura  ko intego z’umuryango zigerwaho. Ni urwego rufata ibyemezo bikomemye kandi rufite ububasha bwo kugena icyerekezo cy’ishyirahamwe.

2. Inzego zishyira mu bikorwa ( organes d’execution et de direction)

• Biro y’Inama y’Ubutegetsi (Bureau du Conseil d’administration)

Inshingano zayo zifite aho zihurira n’iz’aianama y’ubutegetsi ariko ikaba igizwe n’itsinda ryatoranijwe :Président, Visi Perezida, Secrétaire Général, Trésorier, rikagira inshingano zo kugenzura  imicungire ya buri munsi  y’ishyirahamwe kandi rugahagararira mutuelle imbere y’abanyamuryango n’amategeko.

Abagize biro y’Inama y’Ubutegetsi, batorwa mu baagize Inama y’ubutegetsi. Koko rero,  nyuma yo gutorwa n’Inama y’inteko Rusange abagize Inama y’ubutegetsi bitoranyamo Perezida, Visi Perezida, Sekreteri na Tresorier aribo bagize biro y’inama y’ubutegetsi.

• Ubuyobozi bukuru (Direction générale)

Iyoborwa n’Umuyobozi Mukuru ( Directeur General).  Ni urwego ruyobora ibikorwa bya buri munsi bya mituelle, akaba ari  narwo rushyira mu bikorwa politiki n’imyanzuro y’inama y’ubutegetsi. Direction Générale ni moteri y’imicungire ya buri munsi ya mutuelle d’assurances,  ni yo ituma mutuelle ikora neza ku rwego rw’abanyamuryango.

Ni urwego rucunga abakozi n’imari: bityo rugira uruhare mu kubahiriza amategeko no kurinda umutungo. Ni urwego rufasha Inama y’ubutegetsi , rutegura raporo n’ibitekerezo by’uburyo mutuelle ikora, kugira ngo Inama y’ubutagetsi ifate ibyemezo ifite amakuru yuzuye.

Ubuyobozi bukuru bugizwe n’abayobozi bashinzwe imicungire ya buri munsi: Directeur Général (DG) n’abamwunganira (Directeurs techniques, financiers, abashinzwe serivisi). Statuts za mutuelle nizo zishyiraho uburyo bwo kugena DG n’abamwunganira. Akenshi iama y’ubutegetsi  ni yo itora cyangwa ishyiraho DG, akemezwa n’Inama y’Inteko Rusange .Abandi bayobozi (Directeurs adjoints) bashyirwaho na DG ariko bigasuzumwa n’Inama y’ubutegetsi.

3.Inzego zishinzwe igenzura ( Organes de contrôle et de surveillance)

• Commissaires aux comptes:

Muri mutuelle d’assurances, Commissaires aux comptes ni abagenzuzi b’imari bigenga bashyirwaho kugira ngo bagenzure uko umutungo n’imari by’umutuelle bikoreshejwe. Ni urwego rw’ingenzi mu kurinda abanyamuryango no kubahiriza amategeko. Bahitwamo mu bagize  inteko Rusange cyangwa abahagarariyei.  Ba commissaires aux comptes Bagomba kuba bigenga, ntibemerewe kuba mu buyobozi bwa mutuelle (Mu nama y’ubutegetsi cyangwa mu buyobozi), kugira ngo bagire ubwisanzure mu igenzura.

• Comités spécialisés

Nka comité des risques cyangwa comité d’audit, bagira inama Conseil ku bijyanye n’imicungire y’ibyago n’ubusugire bw’ikigo.

IV. Ibigomba kwitonderwa mu micungire ya Mutuelle d’assurances

Mu micungire ya mutuelle d’assurances, hari ibintu by’ingenzi bigomba kwitonderwa kugira ngo ikomeze gukora neza, ikomeze kuba iy’abanyamuryango kandi ikomeze kurinda inyungu rusange.

• Impamvu hari ibigomba kwitonderwa

1.Mutuelle ni iy’abanyamuryango bose: si ikigo cy’ubucuruzi gisanzwe, ahubwo ni ishyirahamwe rishingiye ku bufatanye. Bityo, imicungire mibi yahita igira ingaruka ku banyamuryango bose, bashobora kuba babarirwa mu binyacumi by’igihumbi.

2.Imisanzu y’abanyamuryango ni umutungo w’ingenzi: amafaranga yishyurwa buri kwezi cyangwa buri mwaka niyo atanga ubushobozi bwo kwishyura indishyi. Iyo akoreshejwe nabi, mutuelle ishobora guhomba. Niyo mpamvu hagomba kubaho igenzura rya buri gihe kugira  abayobozi badashukwa  n’inyungu zabo bwite. Ni ngombwa rero  gushyiraho igenzura rikumira ruswa no kwikubira.

3. Kunoza icyizere ku banyamuryango: abanyamuryango bagomba kubona ko umutungo wabo ucungwa neza, kugira ngo bakomeze kwitabira no kwishyura imisanzu.

5 Kubahiriza amategeko (Code de la mutualité): mutuelle igengwa n’amategeko yihariye. Iyo atubahirijwe, ishobora gufungwa cyangwa guhanwa.

6.Kurinda ihungabana ry’imari: mutuelle ikora mu rwego rw’ubwishingizi, bityo igomba kwitondera ishoramari, kugenzura ibihombo, no kwirinda gukoresha umutungo mu buryo butizewe.

• Ibigomba kwitonderwa

1. Imiyoborere iboneye: Abanyamuryango bose bagomba kugira ijambo binyuze mu Nteko Rusange, kugira ngo mutuelle ikomeze kuba iyabo.
   2.Ubusugire bw’imari: Kugenzura neza imisanzu, ibaruramari, n’imikoreshereze y’amafaranga kugira ngo hatabaho igihombo cyangwa ruswa.
   3.Igenzura ry’imbere n’iry’inyuma: Komisiyo y’igenzura (commissaires aux comptes) n’inama y’ubutegetsi bagomba kugenzura buri gihe uko imari n’imyanzuro bikurikizwa.
   4.Kuba mu nyungu rusange: Mutuelle ntigomba gukora nk’isosiyete y’ubucuruzi igamije inyungu z’abashoramari, ahubwo igomba kurengera abanyamuryango bose.
   5.Imiyoborere isobanutse: Gutanga raporo zigaragara ku banyamuryango, kwirinda imiyoborere y’ibanga cyangwa idasobanutse.
   6.Gucunga ibyago: Kugira ingamba zo gucunga ibyago (risks) nko kudatanga serivisi ku gihe, igihombo cy’imari, cyangwa ibibazo by’ubuzima.
   7.Kwigisha abanyamuryango: Kubaha ubumenyi ku mutuelle, imisanzu, n’inyungu kugira ngo bagire uruhare rufatika.
   8.Kunoza imiyoborere y’abakozi: Direction Générale igomba gucunga abakozi neza, kubaha amahugurwa, no kubashishikariza gukorera mu nyungu rusange.

V.Ibibazo n’ibisubizo kuri mutuelle d’assurances

1. Ese mutuelle d’assurances zirasora

Yego, mutuelle d’assurances zirasora ariko mu buryo bwihariye: si nk’amasosiyete y’ubwishingizi asanzwe kuko zishingiye ku bufatanye bw’abanyamuryango. Zishyura imisoro ku nyungu z’ubucuruzi n’imisanzu y’abanyamuryango, ariko hari aho imisanzu cyangwa cotisations z’abanyamuryango ishobora gusonerwa  ku misoro bitewe n’amategeko